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Winning 49.9% of the vote, the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (reinstituted in 1993 after being outlawed in 1991), gained 71 of the 101 MPs, and on 4 April 2001, elected Vladimir Voronin as the country's third president (re-elected in 2005). That, plus about 10,000Poles, brings the total number of Slavs to 545,000 in a population of 2,631,000, or about one-fifth. These include education, infrastructure, financial sector, business climate, energy consumption, pension system, and judicial framework. [144] Founded in 1990, the Ecological Movement of Moldova, a national, non-governmental, nonprofit organization which is a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature has been working to restore Moldova's damaged natural environment. [64][65] Along with several other Soviet republics, from 1988 onwards, Moldova started to move towards independence. The traditional Latin origins of Romanian culture reach back to the 2nd century, the period of Roman colonization in Dacia.. During the centuries following the Roman withdrawal in 271, the population of the region . The first democratic elections for the local parliament were held in February and March 1990. [152] However, the near-term economic outlook is weak. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, the territory of modern Moldova experienced many invasions in late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, notably by Goths, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Mongols and Tatars. "[133] Moldova "has made noteworthy progress on religious freedom since the era of the Soviet Union, but it can still take further steps to foster diversity," said the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief Heiner Bielefeldt, in Chiinu, in September 2011. After 1828 this autonomy was progressively restricted and in 1871 the Oblast was transformed into the Bessarabia Governorate, in a process of state-imposed assimilation, Russification. In 2010, Oldowan flint tools were discovered at Bayraki that are 800,0001.2 million years old. ", "Pro-Russia candidate Igor Dodon to win Moldova presidential election | DW | 13 November 2016", "Moldova Faces Turmoil as Court Outlaws New Govt", "A Constitutional Crisis in Moldova Produces an Unexpected Alliance", "Moldova Had Two Governments. They are natives of Central, Eastern, Southeast, and Northeast Europe as well as Central and North Asia. . [150], After the breakup of the USSR in 1991, energy shortages, political uncertainty, trade obstacles and weak administrative capacity contributed to the decline of Moldova's economy. Over the 19th century, the Russian authorities encouraged the colonization of Bessarabia or parts of it by Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Bulgarians, Poles, and Gagauzes, primarily in the northern and southern areas vacated by Turks and Nogais, the latter having been expelled in the 1770s and 1780s, during the Russo-Turkish Wars;[d][38][37][39][40] the inclusion of the province in the Pale of Settlement also allowed the immigration of more Bessarabian Jews. Moldova is a little land-locked country squeezed in between Northern Romania and Southern Ukraine with 2,6 million inhabitants. The foreign minister of Moldova, Andrei Stratan, repeatedly stated that the Russian troops stationed in the breakaway region were there against the will of the Moldovan government and called on them to leave "completely and unconditionally". Since 1996, the Republic of Moldova has been a full member of La Francophonie. [105], On 31 October 2022, Moldova's Interior Ministry said that debris from a Russian missile landed in the northern village of Naslavcea after a Russian fusillade was intercepted by air defenses in neighboring Ukraine. A political crisis in early 2013 led to policy slippages in the fiscal and financial areas. [220], Emigration is a mass phenomenon in Moldova and has a major impact on the country's demographics and economy. In November 2014, Moldova's central bank took control of Banca de Economii, the country's largest lender, and two smaller institutions, Banca Sociala and Unibank. dollars. [104] The Russian army has a military base and a large ammunition dump in the region. In 2015 a new musical project by the name of Carla's Dreams has risen in popularity around Moldova. Mircea Snegur was elected as Speaker of the Parliament, and Mircea Druc as Prime Minister. The band SunStroke Project with Olia Tira represented the country in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest with their hit song "Run Away". According to a legend recounted by Moldavian chroniclers Dimitrie Cantemir and Grigore Ureche, Prince Drago named the river after hunting aurochs: following the chase, the prince's exhausted hound Molda (Seva) was drowned in the river. Today, the Bulgarians form one of the most solid elements in Southern Bessarabia, numbering (with the Gagauzes, i.e., Turkish-speaking Christians also from the Dobrudja) nearly 150,000. Cristina Petrescu, "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in, Andrew Higgins, "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower,", compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, second poorest country in Europe by GDP per official capita, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests, Parliament failed to elect a new president, Commission for constitutional reform in Moldova, Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, International Union for Conservation of Nature, too many charts, tables or uncontextualized data, controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova, Moldovan Intelligence and Security Service, "Vot ISTORIC: Sintagma limba romn" va lua locul limbii moldoveneti" n toate legile Republicii Moldova", "Limba moldoveneasc" dispare din toate legile Rep.Moldova, fiind nlocuit cu sintagma limba romn", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Chiinu, (21.01.2021) Judectorii constituionali au decis c limba rus nu va avea statutul de limb de comunicare interetnic pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova", "Preedintele CC Domnica Manole, explic de ce a fost anulat legea cu privire la statutul special pentru limbia rus", "Recensamntul Populaiei si al Locuinelor 2014", "Numrul populaiei cu reedina obinuit pe medii i sexe, n profil teritorial, la nceputul anilor 2014-2022", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), "EU awards Ukraine and Moldova candidate status", "The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Accords by Former Soviet Republics Setting Up a Commonwealth", "GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE EARLIEST PALEOLITHIC SITES (OLDOWAN) IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND THE EAST EUROPE", "Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics", "Cetatea Soroca a Moldovei (1499 prezent)", Letopiseul ri Moldovei, de cnd s-au desclecat ara, "Bessarabia, Chapter X: The Survival of Roumanian", "ChapterVIII: Russia organizes the province", "Mennonite-Nogai Economic Relations, 18251860", "Sfatul rii proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Republic", "The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines", "Foametea din anii 19461947 din RSS Moldoveneasc: cauze i consecine", "Political Repressions in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic after 1956: Towards a Typology Based on KGB files Igor Casu", "Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova", "Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989", Russia's Hostile Measures: Combating Russian gray zone aggression against NATO in the contact, blunt, and surge layers of competition, "Remittance flows to developing countries are estimated to exceed US$300 billion in 2008", "Information Campaign to Increase the Efficiency of Remittance Flows", "The protest initiative group: LDPM is the guilty one for the devastations in the Chiinu downtown", "EU flags flying on the Presidency and Parliament, to calm the masses", "Moldovan referendum appears to flop on low turnout", "Moldova going to third election in two years", "Nicolae Timofti finally elected Moldova President", "New Moldavan pro-European coalition formed", "Audit links local tycoon to $1bn Moldovan bank fraud", "Moldova, Hunting Missing Millions, Finding Only Ash", "Moldovan prime minister Pavel Filip says 'last chance' to end national crisis", "UE se autosesizeaz: Moldova se ndreapt spre dictatur! About 14% of the population did not declare their nationality. In May 1919, the Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a government in exile. [74] On 30 December 2010, Marian Lupu was elected as the Speaker of the Parliament and the acting President of the Republic of Moldova. [citation needed] Infotag is the state news agency. Life expectancy in the ex-Soviet country is 67.5 years for men and 75.5 years for women, both among the poorest in Europe. Based on the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regional poverty line of US$5/day (PPP), 55 percent of the population was poor in 2011. [55] On 28 June 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum to Romania requesting the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, with which Romania complied the following day. The president appoints a prime minister who functions as the head of government, and who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic. [209][210], In 2014, US$1 billion disappeared from three of Moldova's leading banks. [223] The largest ethnic group, which had come to identify itself widely as "Moldovan" by the 14th century, played a significant role in the shaping of classical Romanian culture. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}47N 29E / 47N 29E / 47; 29. Declaring itself a neutral state, Moldova did not join the military branch of the CIS. Moldova has achieved a substantial degree of fiscal consolidation in recent years, but this trend is now reversing. Its estimated number of native . Guvernul a fost nvestit n funcie cu 61 de voturi", "Criz politic n Republica Moldova. Crossing the Carpathian mountains in 1359, the voivode took control of Moldavia and succeeded in creating Moldavia as an independent political entity. It ended with a ceasefire and the establishment of a security zone policed by a three-way peacekeeping force of Russian, Transnistrian, and Moldovan personnel. Cum a evoluat economia Republicii Moldova n ultimii 20 de ani. The country of Moldova has developed a fascinating and varied culture over hundreds of years, heavily influenced by European, Balkan, and Russian cultures, that has been celebrated and appreciated by both locals and tourists alike. [147], Once possessing a range from the British Isles through Central Asia over the Bering Strait into Alaska and Canada's Yukon as well as the Northwest Territories, saigas survived in Moldova and Romania into the late 18th century. The prehistory of Moldova covers the period from the Upper Paleolithic which begins with the presence of Homo sapiens in the area of Southeastern Europe some 44,000 years ago and extends into the appearance of the first written records in Classical Antiquity in Greece. [70][71][72], In August 2009, four Moldovan parties (Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance) agreed to create the Alliance For European Integration that pushed the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova into opposition. The economy recovered from the drought-related contraction in 2012. Reconomica ", "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part", "Download entire World Economic Outlook database", "This Massive Underground City is Filled With Wine", "Legea cu privire la seciile pentru reforma agrar n cadrul organelor de autoadministrare local ale Republicii Moldova Nr.129 din 02.03.92, Monitorul Oficial nr.3/80, 1992", R. Moldova are deja peste dou milioane de utilizatori ai serviciilor de telefonie mobil, "Orange launches HD mobile phone service", "the Government approved the licensing of 4G / LTE for mobile operators", Strengthening Social Cohesion and a Common Identity in the Republic of Moldova, "Statistical Yearbook of Moldova 2017: Results of the 2004 Population Census: 2. Annual rainfall, which ranges from around 600mm (24in) in the north to 400mm (16in) in the south, can vary greatly; long dry spells are not unusual. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Sample Edition Boskovsky "Hungarian Dances Slavic Dances" LP Record at the best online prices at eBay! The capital city is Chisinau. Most of the country's wine production is made for export. The largest city in Moldova is Chiinu with a population of 635,994 people. [144] The movement is national representative of the Center "Naturopa" of the Council of Europe and United Nations Environment Programme of the United Nations. [67], On 2 January 1992, Moldova introduced a market economy, liberalizing prices, which resulted in rapid inflation. On 19 December 2016, Moldovan MPs approved raising the retirement age to 63 years[112] from the current level of 57 for women and 62 for men, a reform that is part of a 3-year-old assistance program agreed with the International Monetary Fund. Slavic is a group of Indo-European Languages divided into 3 sub groups ( East Slavic , West Slavic and South Slavic ) . Post-Soviet . Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Government has frequently used its connections with the Russian Orthodox Church to block and stymie the integration of former Soviet states like Moldova into the West. On 26 April 2022, authorities from the Transnistria region said two transmitting antennas broadcasting Russian radio programs at Grigoriopol transmitter broadcasting facility near the town of Maiac in the Grigoriopol District near the Ukrainian border had been blown up and the previous evening, the premises of the Transnistrian state security service had been attacked. A parliamentary majority of at least two-thirds is required to amend the Constitution of Moldova, which cannot be revised in times of war or national emergency. Analysis. [87], In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government called a "national red code alert" as the number of coronavirus cases in the country rose to six on 13 March 2020. There are 16 state and 15[201] private institutions of higher education in Moldova, with a total of 126,100 students, including 104,300 in the state institutions and 21,700 in the private ones. The retirement age will be lifted gradually by a few months every year until it is fully in effect in 2028. Although estimates point to possible modest overvaluation of the real exchange rate, external competitiveness appears broadly adequate as reflected in strong sustained export performance. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language continues to be contested politically within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. However, delays in policy implementation prevented completion of the final reviews under the ECF/EFF arrangements. [176], As of the 2014 census, Moldovans were the largest ethnic group of Moldova (75.1% of the population). Ukraine - 45,490,000. The Slavs speak mainly Indo-European Slavic Language. [190], The 1991 Declaration of Independence names the official language Romanian. On 21 December of the same year, Moldova, along with most of the other Soviet republics, signed the constitutive act that formed the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). [149] Moldova is currently interested in expanding their wisent population, and began talks with Belarus in 2019 regarding a bison exchange program between the two countries. [214] The maternal mortality rate was 41 deaths/100,000 live births (in 2010)[215] and the infant mortality rate was 12.59 deaths/1,000 live births (in 2015). Following a period of political instability and massive public protests, a new government led by Pavel Filip was invested in January 2016. The Moldovans, Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture , 2000. On 30 October 1992, Moldova ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for the destruction of weapons in excess of those limits. Ethnic Germans left in 1940. In 1538, the principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire, but it retained internal and partial external autonomy. Nevertheless, Moldavia was subject to further Hungarian interventions after that moment, as Matthias Corvinus deposed Aaron and backed Alexndrel to the throne in Suceava. When in May 1600, Michael the Brave removed Ieremia Movil from Moldavia's throne by winning the battle of Bacu, briefly reuniting under his rule Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, a Polish army led by Jan Zamoyski drove the Wallachians from Moldavia. The union was conditional upon fulfilment of the agrarian reform, autonomy, and respect for universal human rights. [217], Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the country has seen a decrease in spending on health care and, as a result, the tuberculosis incidence rate in the country has grown. On 23 June 1990, the Parliament adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the "Soviet Socialist Republic Moldova", which, among other things, stipulated the supremacy of Moldovan laws over those of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of Azerbaijan and Georgia. Around 50% of ethnic Ukrainians, 33% of Gagauz, 33% of Bulgarians, and 5.7% of Moldovans declared Russian as their daily use language. [citation needed] One Russian and two local channels are aired. The new Russian province was called Oblast of Moldavia and Bessarabia, and initially enjoyed a large degree of autonomy. It did not happen for instance with Bulgars. Around 80% of the Moldovan population speak Moldovan as their first language. [117] According to a lending agreement signed in February 2010, Poland provided US$15 million as a component of its support for Moldova in its European integration efforts. In the 1980s, amid political conditions created by glasnost and perestroika, a Democratic Movement of Moldova was formed, which in 1989 became known as the nationalist Popular Front of Moldova (FPM). [23] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Conrad Landin takes a look at the country and its tormented past. The most successful football club is Sheriff Tiraspol, the first and only Moldovan club to qualify for the group stage of the Champions League and the Europa League. Since 2004, playing numbers at all levels have more than doubled to 3,200. The influence of Romania's Slavic neighbors on the language continued. As of 2016, Moldova's population was slightly above 4 million people. [129], On 12 November 2014, the US donated to Moldovan Armed Forces 39 Humvees and 10 trailers, with a value of US$700,000, to the 22nd Peacekeeping Battalion of the Moldovan National Army to "increase the capability of Moldovan peacekeeping contingents. The sole international air gateway of Moldova is the Chiinu International Airport. With a per capita GNI of $3,540, Ukraine is the poorest country in Europe as of 2020. In other words, it's not considered a country. 1. Moldova. [165] Still, growth has been hampered by high prices for Russian natural gas, a Russian import ban on Moldovan wine, increased foreign scrutiny of Moldovan agricultural products, and by Moldova's large external debt. [27] The Bolohoveni disappeared from written chronicles after they were defeated in 1257 by Daniel of Galicia. In the 21st century, the primary foreign language taught in the schools is English. Moldova has a climate which is moderately continental; its proximity to the Black Sea leads to the climate being mildly cold in the autumn and winter and relatively cool in the spring and summer.[138]. SunStroke Project featured again in the 2017 Eurovision entry "Hey Mama" which got third place.[230]. Carpian tribes also inhabited Moldova's territory in the period of classical antiquity. 24 January]1918 and requested the assistance of the French army present in Romania (general Henri Berthelot) and of the Romanian Army. World War I brought in a rise in political and cultural (ethnic) awareness among the inhabitants of the region, as 300,000 Bessarabians were drafted into the Russian Army formed in 1917; within bigger units several "Moldavian Soldiers' Committees" were formed. This system was designed to decrease executive authority in favour of the legislature. [217] There are about 264 physicians per 100,000 people. The country covers an area of 33,850 km, making it somewhat larger than Belgium, or slightly larger than the US state of Maryland. Historian Strabo referred to the saigas as the kolos, describing it as "between the deer and ram in size" which (understandably but wrongly) was believed to drink through its nose. [142] Forests currently cover only 11% of Moldova, though the state is making efforts to increase their range. Ties between Poland and Moldavia expanded after the founding of the Moldavian state by Bogdan of Cuhea, a Vlach voivode from Maramure who had fallen out with the Hungarian king. Free shipping for many products! Moldova joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Partnership for Peace on 16 March 1994. It was a brief war between Moldovan and separatist Transnistrian forces, with Russia intervening militarily on Transnistria's side. [218] According to a 2009 study, Moldova was struggling with one of the highest incidence rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the world. [121][full citation needed], On 29 November 2013, at a summit in Vilnius, Moldova signed an association agreement with the European Union dedicated to the European Union's 'Eastern Partnership' with ex-Soviet countries. 36 din 05.12.2013 privind interpretarea articolului 13 alin. Moldova has accepted all relevant arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to promote growth. [227], Most retail businesses close on New Year's Day and Independence Day, but remain open on all other holidays. [35][non-primary source needed] Many Moldavians were members of Cossacks units, with two of them, Ioan Potcoav and Dnil Apostol becoming hetmans of Ukraine. In 1995 the country was admitted to the Council of Europe. Moldova's hills are part of the Moldavian Plateau, which geologically originate from the Carpathian Mountains. Petru I profited from the end of the Polish-Hungarian union and moved the country closer to the Jagiellon realm, becoming a vassal of king Jogaila of Poland on 26 September 1387. This expansion was made possible by adequate macroeconomic stabilization measures and ambitious structural reforms implemented in the wake of the crisis under a Fund-supported program. Investigations into activities at these three banks uncovered large-scale fraud by means of fraudulent loans to business entities controlled by a Moldovan-Israeli business oligarch, Ilan Shor, of funds worth about 1 billion U.S. This area of present-day Moldova was inhabited by ancient Dacians and Moldovans identify themselves with their ancestors. After the Romanian army occupied the region in early January 1918 at the request of the National Council, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia on February 6[O.S. [211][212] Banks are administered by the National Bank of Moldova, so this loss was covered from state reserves. Total recorded adult alcohol consumption is approximately evenly split between spirits, beer and wine. The history of what is today Moldova has been intertwined with that of Poland for centuries. [79] In 2015, Shor was still at large, after a period of house arrest. Premierul Natalia Gavrilia a demisionat", "Moldovan government quits amid economic turmoil, Russia tensions", "The World Reacts to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine", "Moldova vows to seek closer ties with Europe despite fears of provoking Russia", "With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership", "European Council conclusions on Ukraine, the membership applications of Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, Western Balkans and external relations, 23 June 2022", "Moldauische Konfliktregion Transnistrien meldet Explosionen", "Moldovan ex-president detained for alleged graft, treason | DW | 24.05.2022", "Debris of Russian missile downed by Ukraine lands in Moldovan village", "MAI, cu noi detalii despre despre racheta czut la Briceni: "La moment nu exist niciun risc pentru ceteni", "Moldova says missile debris found in north of the country", "Rocket debris found again in Moldova, from war next door", "The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, 2000", "DECIS: eful statului va fi ales de popor; Modificarea din 2000 a Constituiei privind alegerea preedintelui de Parlament, NECONSTITUIONAL", "Europe's poorest nation passes IMF-backed retirement age increase", "Moldova Calls on Russian Troops To Leave Transdniestr", "Shooting at Checkpoint Raises Tensions in a Disputed Region Claimed by Moldova", "EU to grant 90 million to crisis-hit Moldova", "Moldova to get $570 million in IMF loans", "Poland will support Moldova in its European integration efforts", "First meeting of Romania and Rep. of Moldova Governments, concluded with initialling of several bilateral agreements", "Joint meeting of the Government of Romania and Government of the Republic of Moldova", Moldova elected pro-European judge Timofti as president, ending 3 years of political deadlock, "Bsescu: Urmtorul proiect de ar al Romniei, unirea cu Basarabia", "European Union EEAS (European External Action Service) EU forges closer ties with Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova", "European Commission PRESS RELEASES Press release Remarks by President Barroso at the signing of the Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine", "EU leaders grant candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova", "Moldova's military agreements to help strengthen regional security", "2014 Embassy of the United States Chiinu, Moldova", "Ilascu and Others vs. Moldova and Russia", "Moldova 2011 Crime and Safety Report Bureau of Diplomatic Security", "Moldova: UN human rights expert calls for more fostering of religious diversity", "Law on Preventing and Combating Family Violence", "Clasificatorul unitilor administrativ-teritoriale (CUATM)", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity", "O suhaku, ktry z suchych stepw przyby", "Belarus, Moldova discuss bison exchange program", "Moldova GDP (purchasing power parity) Historical Data Graphs per Year", "2014 Article IV consultation and first post-program monitoring discussions Staff report; press release; and statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Moldova". [86] The Constitutional Court reversed the decision on 15 June, effectively ending the crisis. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. Moldova is divided into 32 districts (raioane, singular raion), three municipalities and two autonomous regions (Gagauzia and the Left Bank of the Dniester). [58] In 194453, there were several anti-Soviet resistance groups in Moldova; however the NKVD and later MGB managed to eventually arrest, execute or deport their members. Moldova has access to the Danube for only about 480m (1,575ft), and Giurgiuleti is the only Moldovan port on the Danube. To date, no comprehensive studies exist about the population genetic structure of modern Moldavians. Although Alexander I was brought to the throne in 1400 by the Hungarians (with assistance from Mircea I of Wallachia), this ruler shifted his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces on the Polish side in the Battle of Grunwald and the siege of Marienburg), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia.