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SeeArena v. Luckenbach Steamship Company, 279 F.2d 186, 188- 189 (1st Cir. 9 0 obj III. %PDF-1.4 % These changes are intended to be stylistic only. Ins. These are: 1. (2) If the averments are contained in a pleading to which responsive pleading is not authorized, all averments are automatically taken to have been denied. Certain statutes pertaining to real estate may, however, require unique particularity. c. 231, 30 could reasonably be interpreted to deal with the matter of capacity of a party for other purposes, these latter instances are so rare that they do not warrant specific mention in Rule 8(b). 0000002715 00000 n CPLR 3018 is clear: an affirmative defense must be pleaded to be preserved. (1) In General. Reports & Information, House List, Committee A party may also state as many separate claims or defenses as he has regardless of consistency and whether based on legal or equitable grounds. Subdivision (c)(1). O4jJGMBd_p]}^6Aa}[Rwv14q h0p +r9mTNJ`J> Rules, Address Calendar for the Day, Fiscal (1) In General. In order to raise an affirmative defense of fraud, the "pertinent facts and circumstances constituting fraud must be pled with specificity, and all the essential elements of fraudulent conduct must be stated." Zikofsky v. Robby Vapor Systems, Inc., 846 So.2d 684, 684 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (citation omitted). and convincing evidence: 1. July 1, 1966; Mar. nM VYaEyQ>M FPD,~(8 Changed (Table 2), Rules by (1) In General. If a party mistakenly designates a defense as a counterclaim, or a counterclaim as a defense, the court must, if justice requires, treat the pleading as though it were correctly designated, and may impose terms for doing so. The language of Rule 8 has been amended as part of the general restyling of the Civil Rules to make them more easily understood and to make style and terminology consistent throughout the rules. The Reporters agree with Professor Moore, 2A Moore, Federal Practice, 8.27[2], that the mere raising of the defense should not shift any burden to the defendant; they recommend this position unequivocally. F.2d 880, 885 (9th Cir.1983). When there is any good faith doubt on the matter, the allegation will be denied by the defendant, and properly so. 69, 73 (1861), as well as under the Federal Rules, such estoppel is of doubtful validity; nonetheless cautious counsel for defendants will probably wish to preface affirmative defenses with some such language as: "If plaintiff suffered injury, as in his complaint is alleged, which is denied. An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, This page, Civil Procedure Rule 8: General rules of pleading, is. In . <> 2d 136, 138 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988). . 271, 274, 17 N.E.2d 103, 104 (1938) is eliminated. endobj Rule 8(a)(1) makes no reference to facts or causes of action. - A party shall state in short and plain terms his defenses to each claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which the adverse party relies. The court did explain, however, that "[t]he reason why affirmative defenses under Rule 8(c) must be pled in the answer is to give the opposing party notice of the defense and a chance to develop evidence and offer arguments to controvert the defense." Id. Tracking Sheets, Hot 494, 174 N.E. See Clark, Code Pleading (1928), pp. <>>> . 0 The strictures ofRule 11apply to encourage admission of those allegations which defendant knows to be true, even if without such admission, plaintiff would be put to expense or difficulty in proving them, or might even be unable to prove them at all. The Lease included provisions that were designed to protect ASIs Equipment and to assure an orderly transfer of the Equipment from RHCT at the end of the lease period. In certain cases, the defendant can either deny that a criminal element(s) exists or simply sit back and wait for the prosecution to . 0000002837 00000 n Former recovery. 14pVP9- r`dZSSWh1 %, If a party makes alternative statements, the pleading is sufficient if any one of them is sufficient. Rule 8(a)(2) provides that the claim contain a demand for judgment for the relief to which the pleader deems himself entitled. Rule 8(e)(2) makes the equity principle applicable to all cases. A plaintiff is as much entitled to be aware of the ground upon which it is claimed he should not recover as is a defendant to be apprised of the basis of the plaintiffs claim. Id. See alsoDavis v. H. S. & M. W. Snyder, Inc., 252 Mass. 0000002937 00000 n Who Represents startxref Your analysis of the contract claim leads you to conclude that the contract is void because performance would require your client to violate certain labor laws. Commission on Pensions & Retirement (LCPR), Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage On March 27, 2012, a few days before the expiration of the Lease, ASI advised RHCT of the location to deliver the Equipment. If it is an affirmative defense, then it should be attacked based upon deficiencies in its pleading; whether it makes or assumes an admission to the facts alleged in the plaintiff's complaint and, notwithstanding, raises new matter excusing the defendant's purportedly illicit conduct. If you want the court to consider . For these reasons it is confusing to describe discharge as an affirmative defense. Asserting an Equitable Defense or Counterclaim? 10. List of Affirmative Defenses: - failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted (almost always use) - statutory defenses prerequisites (these will vary depending on the claims) - preemption by federal or other law - accord and satisfaction - arbitration and award - assumption of risk - unavoidable accident - economic loss rule The firm is committed to the zealous representation of its clients and the effective use of their resources in litigation involving business and commercial disputes. Moreover, all affirmative defense elements must be pled. No technical forms of pleading or motions are required. Note to Subdivision (f). Present, Legislative Some page levels are currently hidden. So, we cut and paste the list of affirmative defenses listed in MCR 2.111(F)(3) and we file these defenses with the court. Johnson answered and pled "the affirmative defense of the four (4) year Statute of . Tropical Exterminators, Inc. v. Murray, 171 So. Other courts using Federal Rule type pleading have given great weight to common law 0000003171 00000 n 8. % T 7. i In responding to a pleading, a party must: (A) state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it; and. Motion to Strike Affirmative Defenses - Party: Plaintiff LUCAS, JACQUES September 04, 2014. (B) admit or deny the allegations asserted against it by an opposing party. Rule 8(f) alters the prior Massachusetts rule that pleadings must be construed most strictly against the party drafting them. The feedback will only be used for improving the website. 5. For the reasons that follow, the motion will be granted. ASI argues that an illegality defense is an affirmative defense which must be pleaded in a responsive pleading or addressed in a motion to dismiss lest it be waived. endobj Video, Webcast This article focuses on Rule 1.140(b) and how to strike insufficiently pled and fake affirmative defenses. (5) Lacking Knowledge or Information. 708, 137 N.E. %%EOF endobj A pleader who intends in good faith to deny only a part or to qualify an averment shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny only the remainder. Services, Legislators 302, 155 N.E.2d 409 (1959). An allegationother than one relating to the amount of damagesis admitted if a responsive pleading is required and the allegation is not denied. Unless the pleader intends in good faith to controvert all the averments of the preceding pleading, he may make his denials as specific denials of designated averments or paragraphs, or he may generally deny all the averments except such designated averments or paragraphs as he expressly admits; but, when he does so intend to controvert all its averments, he may do so by general denial subject to the obligations set forth inRule 11. trailer The degree of certainty required in a pleading is that the pleader must set forth the facts in such manner as to reasonably inform his adversary of what is proposed to be proved in order to prove the latter with a fair opportunity to meet it and prepare his evidence. Id. Gov. endstream endobj 438 0 obj <>stream 0000005054 00000 n See S.J.C. Fraud. A lock icon ( Note to Subdivision (c). %PDF-1.6 % (Page, 1926) 11305, 11314; Utah Rev.Stat.Ann. See Rule 23(b) for particular requirements as to the complaint in a secondary action by shareholders. Mass.gov is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Senate, Secretary More often, however, particularized pleadings merely result in wasted time and effort, because the claimed defects are matters of form which are subsequently corrected by amendment. The Lease was to terminate on March 31, 2012. for the Day, Supplemental The provisions ofRule 15are available to relieve the defendant of the consequences of any admission subsequently discovered to be incorrect. Me? endobj 4. 4 0 obj The first sentence is similar to [former] Equity Rule 30 (AnswerContentsCounterclaim). Introductions, Fiscal Rather, it expressed a concern that it would be denied access. The concept of a defendant being allowed to plead the statute of limitations as a defense is derived from the common law. After discussing the claims with your client, you decide to file an answer. 16 0 obj 0000006665 00000 n P. 1.140 (f). endobj 146 16 Roster, Upcoming Compare the English practice, English Rules Under the Judicature Act (The Annual Practice, 1937) O. It does not, however, seek to regulate the substantive question of distribution of the burden of producing evidence or of persuading the trier of fact. When a pleader intends in good faith to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment, he shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny only the remainder. Offices, and Commissions, Legislative [FRCP 8(b)(1)(A); "Fair notice" requirement: An affirmative defense must be pleaded with enough specificity or factual particularity to give plaintiff "fair notice" of the . What happens, however, when the defendant fails to plead an affirmative defense? Xd9;T )(}0kp'bKovYM[#Bvk /qqNnrq`0lut>VSRmtjOuR)V$_-/#="pV7 You can update your choices at any time in your settings. c. 231, 31. Ill.Rev.Stat. Deletion of former Rule 8(e)(2)s whether based on legal, equitable, or maritime grounds reflects the parallel deletions in Rule 1 and elsewhere. for Civil Procedure Rule 8: General rules of pleading, Rule 7: Pleadings allowed: Form of motions, Rule 8.1: Special requirements for certain consumer debts. 1714, 4325; Hankin, Alternative and Hypothetical Pleading (1924), 33 Yale L.J. Heretofore, at law different consistent defenses could be separately stated in the same answer or plea. 0000002556 00000 n c. 231, 7 (Sixth) (providing that a plaintiff shall not be required to elect between causes of action where the remedies are inconsistent). RHCT counterclaimed for, among other things, its post-Lease storage fees for the Equipment. Indeed, such a defense is no affirmative defense at all. G.L. A party's right under Rule 8(e)(2) to state claims based upon inconsistent remedies does not alter Massachusetts practice, see G.L. A party shall state in short and plain terms his defenses to such claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which the adverse party relies. Indeed, the plain language of the court rule requires a party asserting affirmative defenses to "state the facts constituting" the affirmative defenses listed. Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided. Guide, Address 18 0 obj <> endobj In raising an affirmative defense, whoever may be obliged to assume the burden of production and persuasion, the defendant need only give the plaintiff "fair notice," 2A Moore, Federal Practice 8.27[3]. Accord and Satisfaction, Arbitration and Award, Assumption of the Risk, Contributory Negligence, Discharge in Bankruptcy, Duress, Estoppel, Failure of Consideration, . Analysis, House However, Justice Emersonpermitted the defense, reiterating the principle that [a]n unpleaded defense may be invoked to defeat a summary-judgment motion, or to serve as the basis for an affirmative grant of such relief, in the absence of surprise or prejudice, provided that the opposing party has a full opportunity to respond thereto.. 625, 630, 48 N.E.2d 668, 671 (1943), and the substantive allegations had to set forth the essential elements of a recognized cause of action. Rather, an affirmative defense must raise some new matter which defeats the opposing partys otherwise valid claim. h,j0_e)%d!BK!-!,@C|32[PHP8gyS3 d.F^K\R\{MM. Thereafter, the parties moved for partial summary judgment. In equity practice, a bill would be objectionable as multifarious if separate and distinct wrongs, each dependent upon its own facts, were joined in a bill. Review, Minnesota Issues Fla. R. Civ. c. 106, 3-307, reach the same result. To some extent this rule changes Massachusetts practice, which permitted different causes of action to be joined (with the exceptions mentioned previously), so long as the causes of action were stated in different counts. Compare also [former] Equity Rule 18 (PleadingsTechnical Forms Abrogated). Title III Pleadings and Motions (Rules 7-16), 2014-2023 The National Court Rules Committee, Purchase the 2023 Edition of the Federal Rules of civil Procedure for just $19.50, Title I Scope of Rules; Form of Action (Rules 1 and 2), Title II Commencing an Action; Service of Process; Pleadings, Motions, and Orders (Rules 3-6), Title V Disclosures and Discovery (Rules 26-37), Title VIII Provisional and Final Remedies (Rules 64-71), Title IX Special Proceedings (Rules 71-73), Title X District Courts and Clerks: Conducting Business; Issuing Orders (Rules 77-80), Title XI General Provisions (Rules 81-86), Title XII Appendix of Forms [Abrogated], Title XIII Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Actions (Rules A-G). Search & Status (House), Bill %%EOF . . This requirement was omitted from Rule 8(b) for several reasons: (1) Unlike the questions of the genuineness of a signature or the public ownership of a place, which are susceptible of definite answers and will not often be denied, the legal relationship between the registered owner of a motor vehicle and its operator will often call for a conclusion upon which reasonable minds may differ. However, a litigant should not depend on judicial discretion to raise a defense on the hope that the defensewill be introduced into the case without having been affirmativelypleaded. 1720. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Code 815.2. 2. 2d 1054, 1057 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012). Plaintiff, the owner of eight units in a professional medical condominium, commenced an action againsta tenant (among others), alleging that thedefendant tenant defaulted under the parties lease agreement by failing to pay rent for several months. p[e%H.x3x2JUe$ 8f>/ *q/Z"_d4Gf6 (9SL{yoY In Texas, defendants must assert affirmative defenses in their Answer at the beginning of the case or risk not being able to use them later. Audio/Video, Legislative Research, (d) Pleading to Be Concise and Direct; Alternative Statements; Inconsistency. Want more tips on New York practice and procedure? (b) A party may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically, either in one count or defense or in separate counts or defenses. x\[~`AZH 8@'E2yP=TU(]x"u9u.=}u=_{{x/vU~[,w+o{z&Px)o?}o(hxB?c/?ghA3woc}7Bw}F~[XM7eizgr?cZ&Nw:Y:^mqMVe0E~.dlOQ%>36\A $)p:ZJ/r40W~Z8Hj(\7?/R'/ c. 208, 10. The affirmative defenses were first addressed in a ruling of the Chief ALJ dated December 12, 2014 (December 12, 2014 Ruling). 2d 1160, 1163 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (It is insufficient to plead opinions, theories, legal conclusions or argument.). Arts Condominium v Integrated Med. In the years . 0000000757 00000 n Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes, 700 State Office Building, 100 Rev. Let's start with the Black's Law Dictionary definition of "affirmative defense": "A defendant's assertion of facts and arguments that, if true, will defeat the plaintiff's or prosecution's claim, even if all the allegations in the complaint are true." 19, r.r. However, they are not the same. A somewhat related point concerns the possible working of an estoppel on the defendant who pleads, first, a denial of all operative allegations, then an affirmative defense. (1) In General. at 2. M,d1xFApJ^YCkK"A"4O2fVhaWX7`OhsUO=1m}{(2T}_V Ie .fOkD5#_s A pleading that states a claim for relief must contain: (1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the courts jurisdiction, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new jurisdictional support; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and. Woodfield, the court held that a defendant "must plead an affirmative defense with enough specificity or factual 11 0 obj there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . endobj Journal, House 17 0 obj Cal. 2 0 obj 6 0 obj Representatives, House The absence of prejudice or surprise to the plaintiffwas the key factor for Justice Emerson in permitting thedefendants partial-constructive-eviction defense. <> "All pleadings shall contain a plain and concise statement of the pleader's cause of action, counterclaim, defense, or reply." 735 ILCS 5/2-603. Rule 8(a), unlike Federal Rule 8(a)(1), does not contain requirement that the claim set forth "a short and plain statement of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends." See Conn.Practice Book (1934) 107, 108, and 122; Conn.Gen.Stat. Schedules, Order of c. 231, 25, required a separate denial "in clear and precise terms" of each "substantive fact intended to be denied," or a declaration of ignorance (cognate under Rule 8(b) to a disclaimer of knowledge or information). The defendant opposed the motion, asserting apartial-constructive-eviction defense,and cross-moved for leave to amend its answer to assert two counterclaims against the plaintiff. Too often defendants (and counter-defendants) assert affirmative defenses made from whole cloth. Read court documents, court records online and search Trellis.law comprehensive legal database for any state court documents. 0000000910 00000 n Under prior Massachusetts practice,Payson v. Macomber, 85 Mass. Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided. Note to Subdivision (d). 14 0 obj 2016). This button displays the currently selected search type. Before a litigant can competently evaluate whether an asserted affirmative defense should be attacked with a motion to strike, knowledge of what constitutes such a defense is required. Day, Combined An affirmative defense is one that admits the cause of action in the initial pleading but avoids liability, in whole or in part, by allegations of excuse, justification, or other matter negating the cause. The force and application of Rule 11 are not diminished by the deletion. Rules, Joint should be available to [the defendant] pre-discovery, the Court grants the motion to strike the second affirmative defense without prejudice."). With respect to the first affirmative defense, respondent pled that because the pond constructed on the subject parcel is a permissible WhileRule 9(a)deals only with the matter of capacity of a party to sue or be sued, whereas the language of G.L. II. Fla. R. Civ. This is of course the natural corollary of the notice pleading theory behind the Rules generally and Rule 8(a) in particular. 2d 890, 891 (Fla. 3d DCA 1971). x\[o6~`V^Hiwmg}p";Va[$OBRr$N .4yxxw.u]|uv*6WqmYWoo{M2Ko7r2 $"xF:wO,|7Cw|i(wc6}[(/&NOw" EUbXawD*2HVQ&]T?Cb%r+ up,I[p BDYMe9_Dty>Kw,MFixk affirmative Although entrapment was not a defense at common law, it may now be pled as a defense in all federal and state jurisdictions. 923 (1957). c. 185, 28, 29;c. 237, 3;c. 240, 1. endobj See G.L. stream Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Fla. R. Civ. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules1966 Amendment. This is based on the theory that a later amendment of the answer could properly introduce the defense, and that something as drastic as summary judgment should not be predicated on a pleading omission that a simple amendment could correct. endstream endobj 437 0 obj <>stream (1930) 55085514. An allegation in any pleading that a place is a public way shall be taken as admitted unless a party specifically denies such allegation. Former Rule 8(b) required a pleader denying part of an averment to specify so much of it as is true and material and * * * deny only the remainder. [A]nd material is deleted to avoid the implication that it is proper to deny something that the pleader believes to be true but not material. Clerk, Fiscal 2d 483, 487 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002). If instead of denying the plaintiff's assertions (or in addition to denying them, see Rule 8(e)(2)), the defendant wishes only to controvert their effect, he may do so by the modern equivalent of the old "confession and avoidance." Rule 8(a)(1) provides that a pleading shall contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief alters prior practice. Id. It is also important in shaping the judgment, seeRule 54(c)and in determining whether a jury trial is warranted. affirmative defense must be pled to avoid unfair surprise or prejudice to the plaintiff. Yaeger v. Lora Realty, Inc., 245 So. Rules, Educational In your jurisdiction, the affirmative defense of fraud has five elements, (1) a false representation; (2) about a material fact; (3) made with knowledge of its untruth; (4) with intent to deceive; and (5) defendant relied on the representation. 7\. "/{^OY:N9BIYkW[1f$( hi!ARX8u;q%2V_9Z4U4neac?m MwlPZ8#+V[N. <> While RHCT has referred to the issue of having the permission of the site owner during the pendency of this case, for example, by demanding that ASI provide evidence of permission to use the site when the Third Location was specified, the issue appears to have been touched on only in the context of questioning whether RHCT would be able to access the site and complete delivery. A party that does not intend to deny all the allegations must either specifically deny designated allegations or generally deny all except those specifically admitted. Brighams Cafe Inc. v. Price Bros. Co., 334 Mass. . 336. New Yorks Civil Practice Law & Rules (CPLR) 3018(b) provides that a party must plead as an affirmative defense all matters which if not pleaded would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise or would raise issues of fact not appearing on the face of a prior pleading. CPLR 3018(b) lists the defenses commonly asserted, including facts showing illegality either by statute or common law, but makes it clear that the list is not exhaustive. (2) Alternative Statements of a Claim or Defense. trailer Gov. Note to Subdivision (b). c9Id 1^d[(l1--_>e~rMI)XcJU? Rule Status, State Farrell Fritz, P.C. [ 13 0 R] c. 231, 85A,85B, and85Cwould likely entail a revision of the rule. Appeals had held that "[a]n affirmative defense is subject to the same pleading requirements as is the complaint." Woodfield v. Bowman, 193 F.3d 354, 362 (5th Cir. 0000007150 00000 n Constitution, State Chris Craft Indus., Inc. v. Van Valkenburg, 267 So. SeeG.L. 2. Rule 8 reflects the view that the primary function of pleadings is not to formulate the precise issues for trial but rather to give fair notice of the claims and defenses of the parties. Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55155, Pleading to be Concise and Direct; Consistency, Minnesota House of A court must grant a "traditional" motion for summary judgment "forthwith if [the summary judgment evidence] show[s] that . (As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. Accordingly, RHCT has waived the illegality defense. Meetings, Standing O Search, Statutes 121 (1931). T 5. 0000000616 00000 n 30 0 obj <>stream A homeowner may under all circumstances use deadly force for self-protection in his or her dwelling. Committee Schedule, Committee stream If either of these are absent, then a plaintiff/counter-plaintiff should strongly consider moving to strike the deficient affirmative defense. Definition of Denial or Failure of Proof and Affirmative Defenses. SeeRock-Ola Mfg. Professionals, PLLC, 2019 NY Slip Op 51588(U) (Sup Ct, Suffolk County Oct. 8, 2019). Id. In this respect, it differs fromG.L. Calendar, Senate Daily, Combined Media Besides a waste of printer ink, insufficiently pled and fake affirmative defenses bog down the litigation and may permit an opposing party to engage in an otherwise impermissible fishing expedition disguised as permissible discovery to supposedly bolster a valid affirmative defense. This rule is an elaboration upon [former] Equity Rule 30 (AnswerContentsCounterclaim), plus a statement of the actual practice under some codes. Under previous Massachusetts law, besides being unable to join legal and equitable claims in one pleading, a plaintiff could not join causes of action unless they arose out of the same manner (G.L. (main office): 400 RXR Plaza, Uniondale, NY 11556 (516) 227-0700, Affirmatively Plead Your Defenses, or Risk Waiving Them Goodbye. 29, 143 N.E. Nevertheless, courts will, on rare occasions, allow a party tointroduce anunpleaded defenseon a motion for summary judgment. 7 0 obj A party that intends in good faith to deny all the allegations of a pleadingincluding the jurisdictional groundsmay do so by a general denial. That was the holding of the Appellate Division, First Department in American Stevedoring, Inc. v. Red Hook Container Terminal, LLC, 2016 NY Slip Op 08470 (1st Dept. Several categories of debt set out in 11 U.S.C. Discovery Sanctions Alert: Failure to Include Withheld Items on Privilege Log Lands Party in Hot Water, Commercial Division Grants $1 Million Punitive-Damage Award for Diversion of Companys IP in Breach of Fiduciary Duty, Commercial Division Says Not Every Storm Triggers Force Majeure, LIMITS ON MOTIONS IN LIMINE: A NEW PROPOSAL TO AMEND COMMERCIAL DIVISION RULE 27, Infancy or other disability of the defendant. To comport with prior law, Rule 8(b) also includes a provision that an allegation in any pleading that a place is a public way shall be taken as admitted unless a party specifically denies such allegation. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> (Mason, 1927) 9266; N.Y.C.P.A. Behind Rule 8(b) lies the simple principle that a defendant's answer should unmistakably indicate to both Court and plaintiff precisely which aspects of the complaint are admitted, and which are controverted. 0000003248 00000 n 523(a) are excepted from discharge. Assuming the asserted affirmative defense qualifies as an affirmative defense, then a motion to strike should attack the sufficiency of the defense as pled. ,#R({H8d3v+|"}R That part of former G.L.