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When young Frank Keeney walked through a mine portal in 1892, perhaps an older miner, maybe a neighbor, offered him some words of consolation or, at least, instruction as they traveled in and outof the mine on what was known as a man trip. Or he might have heard some words of warning from the older boys who led the mules and coal cars back and forth through the door he tended. Coal mining jobs - Hours and earnings, 1919-1933; Coal mining wages by state, 1923 Source: Miners' wages and the cost of coal: an inquiry into the wages system., pp. Fascinating book that shows various imported items (such as kid gloves, bloomers, silk nightgown, men's pipe, electric flatiron, glass lamp, etc.) Source: U.S. Dept of Labor, Compares affordability of food and consumer goods from one year to the next and provides price. Musical instruments: Source: BLS Bulletins. Source: BLS, Shows the average retail prices of staple foodstuffs in Madrid, Spain. Source: Discusses average prices American families were paying for medical care and hospital trips. Wages are shown in 1931 US dollars. Prices are shown in German marks. Source: Shows wages by occupation in Belfast, Cork, Glasgow, Dundee, Cardiff, London, Manchester and more. The union was very important to miners. Lists the price of bricks, flooring, framing lumber, rough boards, Portland cement, roofing material, house paint and more. After the top fell, they returned to break and load the fallen coal before another layer of the top came crashing down with a tremendous roar. Details the prices of appliances, furniture, and more household items on pp. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages of manual work occupations in Barcelona, Spain. To view an issue of interest, select it from the list and click View. Created by Grove Atlantic and Electric Literature, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), A Novel of Putin's Russia That Got Its Writer Beaten Up, What Should You Read Next? When the smoke cleared, the collier and his buddy would swing their picks to break up large clumps of coal and shovel the smaller lumps into a mine car; it was back-aching work made more painful by the narrowness of the room. Shows average public employee pay for each state. Source: BLS. Sporting goods: Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages and hours of workers in 4 different industries in Madrid. 294-295. Constitution Avenue, NW Mule drivers and trapper boys like Frank Keeney set out at six oclock every morning with the adult miners, who each carried a pick and auger, a can of black blasting powder, fuses, and a tamping rod. Source: Shows the earnings per hour and week for sawmill workers over a 20 year period. The laborer's work is often made difficult by the water and rock which are found' in large quantities in coal veins. Earnings and prices are shown in Swiss francs. There was little prospect then that coal would be in demand as it is today or that the daily wage of miners would be multiplied 8 to 10 times by 1974. Prices are shown in Spanish pesetas. On one hand, the miners discipline and death-defying courage made them ideal industrial soldiers; on the other hand, the qualities the men forged in underground combat with the elementsbravery, fraternal fealty, and group solidarityhardened them for aboveground combat with their employers. Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis. Source: AAUP report. 408, Shows the wages of a variety of occupations in the capital of Argentina. Shows wages and hours of workers in the cotton industry over a 23 year period. Source: Lists costs of running a farm, including costs of power, labor, insurance, interest on loans, etc. Source: This calculator can be used to determine the historical purchasing power of currency in the United Kingdom from 1270 to 2017. 1920, Wages by occupation - Manchuria, 1920-1921, Daily and monthly wage earnings - Soviet Union, 1926-1927, Average yearly wages in the Soviet Union, 1929-1932, salaries paid school teachers throughout Russia, seldom exceed 12 rubles per month in late 1923, Agricultural wages - Switzerland in 1914, 1921, 1930, Earnings and prices - Switzerland, 1920-1921, Wages in Great Britain, France and Germany (with addendum for Switzerland), Minimum wage legislation in various countries, Comparative wage rates in the U.S. and in foreign countries, 1927, Wages paid on steamships by country and occupation, 1922, wages paid to Chinese and Lascar (Indian or southeast Asian) employees, Farm family incomes in Wake County, North Carolina - 1926, Foods - Average retail prices over time, 1923-36, Foods - Average retail prices across 39 cities, 1920-1928, corn meal, rice, potatoes, granulated sugar, coffee and tea, onions, navy beans, prunes, raisins, canned salmon, evaporated milk, margarine, lard, oats, corn flakes, wheat cereal, macaroni, canned baked beans, canned corn, canned peas, canned tomatoes, bananas, oranges, Food price averages for each year from 1890-1970, Cigarette, cigar and rolling papers - Los Angeles, 1921, Farm houses in Iowa - Value and size, 1923, Sears homes with costs to build, 1908-1939, Cost of materials to build a Sears home, ca. Tables 6-13 show farm land prices by county in IA, MN, ND, ID, OH, KY, NC and TX. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review (June 1931), Shows the average hours and daily wages of various workers in quarries, sawmills, and many other industries throughout Virginia. Also shows average family size in each state. Data gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board using foreign government sources. The workday ended at 5:30 in the evening when the sunlight had already faded over the mountains. Prices on pp. Manufacturing wages -- SEE box further below. Source: Federal Power Commission. Shows data for 12 cities located in NY, OH, PA and MA, including NYC, Boston, Philadelphia and more. MORE PRICES in the U.S. But Appalachian coal production peaked in 1918. Broken out by men's and women's jobs. Part of a section on Negro women's wages. West Virginias mine safety laws were the weakest in the nation. Source: U.S. BLS Bulletin, No. This source lists actual salaries paid to administrators in various lines of business. Source: Source: Canada Department of Labor report. 25-38. In the late 1800s mining was rough physical labor. In 1974, the Environmental Protection Agency commissioned photojournalist Jack Corn to document the plight of the American coal miner in Appalachia. 365-372. how much did coal miners get paid in the 1950s. Tomorrow night at 9pm PBSs American Experience will broadcast The Mine Wars, based on the book. 2012-08-05 00:38:00. MERCHANDISE Covers New York City, New Jersey towns, Fall River MA, Cleveland, Chicago, Dallas, San Francisco and Portland OR. Source: The cost of living in twelve industrial cities, p. 63. Some stopped the cars by jamming pieces of wood into the spokes. Covers the states of NH, VT, MA, CT, KY, SC, AL, MO, KS, IA and OH. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. Prices are shown in Latvian rubles. Dining room furniture, silverware, dish sets. Wages shown in 1931 US dollars. Includes both land and buildings. For easier browsing, the information is. Dining room: At the far end of the room, the miner lay down on his side and cut under the bottom of the coal face with his pick, inching his way into the cut and hoping the coal was hard enough not to collapse on him. This calculator allows you to compare the buying power of wages earned at different points in history. Shows wage data by manufacturing categories for 1914, 1919, 1921, and 1923. Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), The American Twins, Harpers Weekly, 1874, African American History Curatorial Collective. Source: You may download a pdf version of the 1928, Hotel rates are shown in the advertisements in. Shows the changes in wages of united Illinois coal miners following a labor agreement. Prices are shown in Hungarian crowns. One statute required operators to print maps of their mines, but it excluded any provisions for enforcing this requirement. When a miner and his helper approached the entry to their room, danger lurked in almost every move they made. Source: BLS, Shows the cost of foodstuffs and other necessities in Greece. See data considerations for explanation. Source: Click "more" for direct links to each occupation. Typewriters, school supplies, office supplies, fountain pens, more fountain pens, books, drawing sets, home office furniture. University of Missouri, Columbia Wages are shown in contemporary U.S. dollars. 7-8 in: Extensive, 219-page report published in the Bureau of Labor StatisticsBulletin no. Shows the average daily wages of various occupations in Athens and Piraeus. Scroll forward and back to see the various cities for which average food prices are available. Details the price of clothing for men, women, boys and girls on pp. Describes the labor policy of South Africa in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages of masons, carpenters, stonecutters, painters, shoemakers, and tailors in each of the provincial capitals of Spain. Bonus. Source: Teachers' salaries and salary trends in 1923. Tip: use the search tool to look for words like cents or rate. Another statute required employers to hire pit bosses to examine every working place in the mine, but only as often as practicable. A third rule required the managers to water the coal dust, but only when they detected a dangerous level of gas. Includes breakouts by state, source of income, and more. Average earnings by occupation and districts. Took into account additional sources of income for farm families, such as income derived from animals or investments. Also shows the averagecost to rent farm landor pastures by the acre, by county. Shows the income of each member of a Zurich household and the amount that household spent on various necessities like food, clothing, rent, etc. Unskilled labor hired by cities for construction, repair or cleaning of streets. Source: Includes district-specific information and the average output of coal per person per shift. One-page table shows average charges for residential electricity each year from 1924-1934, for cities over 50,000 in population. Source: BLS. Source: BLS, Shows the average pay for a 48 hour week throughout 5 different industries in Milan. Published by the National Industrial Conference Board. Shows the standard wages for different shift at ports in Antwerp, Belgium. "75 Years of American Finance: A Graphic Presentation 1861-1935" The average hourly pay for a Coal Mine Worker is $21.49. Other enslaved African Americans escaped from the salt works to Ohio, a free state only 60 miles away. In the 1920s decade, 8% to 12%of peopleaged18-21enrolled incollege. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages for workers in different occupations in French coal mines. View object record Miner's hat, about 1930 Tells cost of public transportation and railway fares as well. These deposits could produce firedamp, which contained methane and sometimes carbon dioxide that seeped out of the coal seams. But on some weeks, a miner might work only two or three days because the railroad failed to supply enough coal cars, or because the mine needed repairs. Believed to be the worst coal mine disaster ever, an explosion at the Bnxh mine in Liaoning province killed 1,549 people in 1942. Shows price list of one California retailer. Shows wages and prices in kronen, along with the exchange rate to translate into U.S. dollars. Source: BLS Bulletin no. Source: BLS, Shows the average wages of Spanish agricultural workers in different cities. Shows average wages alongside a cost of living index for Germany between 1929-1942. This earlier catastrophe outraged Mother Jones, who spoke of it often on her organizing campaign that year, and it had triggered public pressure to improve the states mine safety laws. Source: Shows lawyers' incomes instates and regions, by size of community served, by the age of the lawyer, number of years in practice, etc. It also summarizes the years from 1907-1922. About half of the surveyed penal institutions gave prisoners some compensation, based on its use as incentive toward good work and better behavior, and to provide the convict with a small way to provide for his family. Management's steam whistle now set the times. Teacher salaries for. A mail order catalog for the Fall/Winter season, 1920-1921. 45-57. 8836. $32k - $76k. Shows the hourly and weekly wages for 12 principal industries throughout Germany. Using a thin iron needle about the thickness of a pencil, he shoved a cartridge of black powder into the hole and pushed a little clay into the hole with a damper; then he carefullywithdrew the needle and inserted a wick of waxed paper, a squib, that would burn down to the black powder. Shows average value per acre for all real estate with buildings, and the value of land alone, by county, for six states: MA, CT, RI , ME, VT and NH. Source: Report of the Salary survey commission to the Pennsylvania General assembly, 1929. Wages are shown in Belgian francs. Table shows average 1929 and 1931 weekly wages of full-time store employees, managers, and supervisors by kind and size of chain and location. The industry has been in slow decline ever since, compounded along the way by the rise of steam engines, mechanized extraction methods, and competition from oil and natural gas, and now renewable energy. Source: BLS, Shows wages of various industrial and agricultural gender, in both Romanian leu and contemporary U.S. dollars. They provided their own equipment and often hired assistants; managers extended credit for supplies like dynamite. Shows typical pay in stock companies, dramas, musical comedies, vaudeville and screen, from extras to Hollywood stars. An increase in annual vacation pay was also stipulated.Wage Chronology: Bituminous . Mentions the wages paid to both skilled and unskilled workers in francs. It may be necessary to read the chapters pertaining to the country, but you can find the actual minimum wages in the discussion. 664. Email: concannonm@missouri.edu Wages are shown in Italian lire. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. Wages shows in 1930 US dollars. Shows the average monthly wages of multiple occupation in the Alaskan fishing industry. More passenger air fares from other sources: Household items: Income statistics of full time professional women were published in study by the Association of Business and Professional Women. by SEX Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages for various occupations in Tokyo. Wages are shown in both Hungarian gold crowns and contemporary U.S. dollars. Lengthy article reports how much educators earned in Illinois' high schools in 1920-1921. Shows forty pages of incomedata with numerous breakouts. Work clothes, work shirts, dress shirts, dress pants, trousers, vests, suits, dress gloves, overcoats, winter coats, fur caps and collars, neck ties, belts and suspenders, caps and hats, nightwear, socks, shoes, boots, pocket knives, pocket watches, toupes, razors, smoking pipes. Must use "search in this text" feature to navigate. Source: Quote: "I presume that a fee of $200 would be a pretty fair estimate of the surgeon's charge for operation and the after-treatment between the operation and the death of the patient." Source: Bulletin #269 of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, "Farm Family Living Among White Owner and Tenant Operators in Wake County," pages 24-28. Between 1880 and 1920, southern West Virginias population grew from 93,000 to 446,000, due almost entirely to the coal industry. Hourly employees were bound to the ten-hour day, but the coal loaders, or tonnage men, often worked fewer hours and sometimes exercised the right to leave the mine without permission. Copy. Wages shown in litas, and US dollars in parentheses. Typically, workers could get an advance on pay, in company-issued paper currency, called scrip, or tokens to buy goods. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. This was the world Frank Keeney entered as a boy. Wages are shown in Japanese yen. (Jack Corn/EPA) A ppalachian coal production has been on shaky ground almost since the industry's inception in the mid 19th century. A standard tune in miners lore began with lyric, Youve been docked and docked again, boys / Youve been loading two for one, and asked what the miner had to show for working so hard. Heed no operators tale! Source: BLS, Shows the hourly and weekly earnings of industrial wages in Romanian leu. Source: U.S. Congressional Serial Set vol. of Agriculture report. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. Meanwhile, his wife Mary operated the Nellis boarding house for foreign-born miners. Handkerchiefs, slippers, watches, umbrellas, hair brushes and combs, Christmas decorations. Discusses household expenditures for electricity, and estimates the number of homes that had various electrical appliances (radios, refrigerators, irons, etc.) Includes clam, lobster, oyster industries and more. Miners would lie on their backs and use a pick to undercut the coal. Few words meant more to mine workers than manliness, a quality that connoted dignity, respectability, defiant egalitarianism, and patriarchal male supremacy, in the words of historian David Montgomery. In 1923, there were about 883,000 coal miners; today there are about 53,000. Wages are shown in both German marks and contemporary U.S. dollars. In the hand-loading era, an underground miners workplace, usually called a room, was only as high as the coal seam. by OCCUPATION In West Virginia, where mineswere cut near the mountaintops, the overburden was looser and more prone to collapse than in the deeper shaft mines of the North. Shows average dollar amount spent annually in categories such as food, clothing, maintenance of health, personal goods, furniture and more. See p. 193 of this. Conversely, a dollar earned in 1928 had the same buying power as abut $15 in the year 2020. Source: U.S. Federal Trade Commission report. Source: BLS. Some New York City teacher and principal salaries are shown on the following page in Table 42. Prices are shown in Japanese yen. See also "C" tab above for carpenters, cement workers, etc. This Farmers' Bulletin, Cost of Using Horses on Corn-Belt Farms, goes into great detail about the costs of keeping work horses, including a. The strike was officially called to a halt on March the 3rd 1985. Includes the states of RI, NJ, OH, DE, OK, MO, GA, TN, AR, KY, SC, AL and MS. Chart shows median wages of women employed in Philadelphia households as chambermaids, cleaners, cooks, waitresses, laundress, seamstress, and children's nurses (nannies.) HOUSING, FARMS and UTILITIES Source: BLS, Shows the average retail prices of food, clothing, and fuel prices in Shanghai. As former miner Gary Bentley of Kentucky remarked in a recent New York Times article, Its not going to make a comeback. Shows the daily cost of food, heat, and light for a working family of 4 following independence. Average weekly earnings of male and female workers in the British cotton industry are shown at four periods of time in 1924. Cabinets and cookware. Managers worried about competition, costs, and controlling workers who spoke multiple languages and labored out of view. Source: Women's Bureau Bulletin #25. Wages of pattern makers, molders, drill press operators, lathe hands, machinists and more. Shows the average weekly hours and hourly wages for workers in the boot and shoe industry. Shows breakouts for automobile manufacture, cigar making, boots/shoe making, men's clothing, iron/steel and more. After they loaded coal from the fallen pillars, the colliers and their helpers pushed their cars out into the main entry as fast as possible before sections of the roof collapsed. By 1850, approximately half of Kanawha Countys slaves worked in the salt industrymany mined coal to fuel the furnaces. He also learned not to scare the miners beloved pigeons or to be afraid of mine rats, because these creatures could sense danger coming before it struck. Source: Median wages for butlers, chauffeurs, gardeners, furnace men and "house men" employed to work in private households in Philadelphia in the late 1920s. Bicycles, binoculars, footballs & basketball supplies, ice skates, athletic gear, boxing, baseball, & tennis supplies, fishing tackle, camping gear, guns. This risk increased enormously when inexperienced miners failed to undercut the coal before blasting and took the risk of shooting on the solid.. Wages are shown in both Italian lire and contemporary U.S. dollars. Prices are shown in Swiss francs. Coal diggers gave up some of their hard-earned pay to aid fellow miners when they were sick or injured, and when a mine exploded, they risked their lives to rescue the survivors trapped inside. Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis. $180 - $5k. Report published in 1923 gives wages for Arkansas women by occupation and race. Source: U.S. Dept. Shows mining wages in Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Report published in 1921 tells wages for women working in offices, in meat and poultry packing, restaurants, food manufacturing, clothing manufacturing, laundries, and more. 162-207. "The sum of $4,000 will buy only a very modest home and even then it will have to be in one of the smaller citiesor in a remote suburb of a large city." Others opened large wooden doors just before speeding cars passed through. For example, a dollar earned in 2020 had the same buying power as 7 in 1928. Source: 1934 Statistical Abstract of the United States. Miscellaneous: Safety sign in eight languages, about 1910. Retail prices for brick, cement, lumber of various kinds, window glass, shingles, nails and more. Boys learned the mining craft from their fathers and later passed this knowledge on to their own sons. As a novice, Keeney learned the colliers trade from older craftsmenthe skills of cutting the face, setting the charges, and loading the coal without wrenching his back or crippling himself. Source: BLS, Shows the average price of foodstuffs and other common goods in the federal district of Mexico. Shows expenditures by category with prices per article and amounts needed annually for a family of five. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily or monthly wages for various occupations in 5 different cities in Brazil. See "Blood donation" in. Link navigates to a record containing multiple years worth of this publication. In 1907, West Virginia appointed John Nugent as superintendent of immigration. Boys frequently were assigned the most-dangerous jobs. Shows annual salaries for all school personnel in Texas without breakouts for occupation, years of training, years of experience, etc. Working in coal mines is dangerous miners have to deal with toxic . Source: For each college, this table shows tuition for residents and non-residents by course of study. But to those who suffered alone in silence, the chorus offered hope and strength: Union miners, stand together! Source: U.S. BLS Bulletin, no. Coal companies also recruited in Europe. In 1984 there were 174 deep coal mines in the UK by 1994 - the year the industry was finally privatized - there were just 15 left. Wages are shown in shillings. Source: BLS, Shows the average wage rates for 19 different occupations in Hamburg, Germany. Discusses doctor and hospital fees as well as related expenses such as home nursing care. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages for various occupations in 6 different industries in Japan. Source: Howard University, States "the average student probably spends about $700 per year for a college education" and shows, This source shows the cost of funerals and burial in 18 states and in 10 major cities. Taken from the 1921 U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook, starting on page 804. A settlement was reached when the coal board added an extra pound to wage rates after two-and-a-half days' intensive negotiations at the industry's London headquarters. Details the price of various building materials on pp. Compares average retail prices for "warehoused" name brand grocery items at independent and chain stores in Cincinnati. Arranged by occupation and then by city and year. In the late 1800s mining was rough physical labor. This mammoth work lists typical earnings as well as job descriptions and working conditions for thousands of occupations just before the Great Depression. Source: BLS. Retreat mining required the rapid destruction of these pillars, each containing tons of valuable coal, before the mine collapsed. Three decades earlier a boy about the same agea newly emancipated slavehad worked in the same minefield. Source: BLS. Source: Shows the average hourly wage of a variety of jobs both in and outside of Paris. Occupations wages shown in 1930 US dollars. Montgomery Ward catalog shows prices of radios and radio supplies on 60+ pages. Knickerbockers, shirts, high school boy's suits, boy's fine suits, overcoats, winter coats, jackets, pajamas, rain coats, caps and hats, shoes. Lists single-unit prices for barbital, benzoyl peroxide, benzocaine, aspirin, quinoline, and more, showing proprietary and coined drug names. Includes drug items, toilet items, and miscellaneous items. Expressed in dollars and also as a percentage of the property value. The failure of a mine boss to dampen the coal dust was the reason the Red Ash mine blew up in 1905, killing thirteen men and boys on Fire Creek. Shows salaries for sevenoccupations inpolice departments of 25American cities. Frank Keeney wanted to be a first-class tonnage man because he needed to support his widowed mother and two sisters, along with his new wife, a fair teenager named Bessie Meadows, an Eskdale girl who wanted to become a schoolteacher. During the 1910s and 1920s, minimum wage laws were adopted by a handful of states and generally applied only to women and children. Between 12th and 14th Streets Source: "Income of Lawyers, 1929-1948" in the August 1949 issue of. Milk cost an average 33 per half gallon in 1920. The Miners' Strike of 1984 was a turning point in British history. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, July 1930. This bibliography lists reports that show income, budgets, consumer expenditures, etc. Covers more than 1,200 cities. Article compares the cost of renting versus buying a home in 1928. HEALTH CARE Engineers used anemometers to measure airflow within mines. Patterns for sewing children's clothes, stockings, union suits, toys, bicycles. Source: BLS. A strong, skilled coal loader might fill five or more cars in a day. Instead of paying miners by the ton, they hired them as employees and paid an hourly wage. Source: Covers elementary schools and junior high schools in American cities with populations of 2,500 or more. From the Newcomb-Endicott store, Detroit, Michigan. Ukrainian immigrant Nick Gurski began working in the Boone County coal mines in the 1920s. Every workingman was supposed to have his turn when it came to getting an empty coal car, because each collier deserved an equal opportunity to get his load to the weigh station. Shows pay for those involved in "1st class New York City productions" including actors of various levels (from chorus to leads) as well as directors, designers, scene painters, stage hands, etc. By 1910, more Italian immigrants lived in McDowell County than anywhere else in the state. Wages are shown in Czech krone. These were the underground attitudes Frank Keeney absorbed as he entered manhood as a coal miner. If a man died in a mine, they quit work to honor him and to take up a collection for his surviving wife and children. 297. Check the, Shows the daily rate of Utah coal mining workers in a variety of jobs and occupations. Lists ticket prices in NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland and eight more cities in NY, PA, OH and MA. Source: Chicago Commission on Race Relations report. During the Great Depression output was nearly halved from 680 million tons to 360 million. Dresses, skirts, blouses, suits, patterns for sewing frocks,, dress gloves, shawls, sweaters, silk undergarments, pajamas, union suits, corsets, gowns, stockings, hats, winter coats, fur coats, winter gloves and mittens, shoes, purses and bags, diamond rings, necklaces and jewelry, brooches, perfume, wigs. Published 1921. Shows average wages (with and without board) by province. Coal operators enticed workersmany African Americanto move to West Virginia from Virginia and the Deep South. Source: AAUP report, p. 162. Source: BLS. Chain store prices for a pack of Lucky Strike, Chesterfield, Camel, Old Gold or Piedmont. Dollars. Owners claimed property rights and managerial entitlements over the workplace. Data gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board (a group of industry associations) which used European government publications for information. Expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence. Coal industry labor strikes were common from the turn of the century up through the 1930s, as were catastrophic workplace injuries and the prevalence of black lung disease. Each table is for a different New Zealand city. Wages are shown in contemporary U.S. dollars. along with the country of origin, value in that country, transportation charges, duty charges and retail price in the U.S. Includes a photo of most items. Wages are shown in Latvian rubles.