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The Abbasid Caliphate (7501258) is considered the Golden Age of Islam because it was a long period of stability in which centers of trade became wealthy centers of learning and innovation. Direct link to Maddieha8's post How did the question of l, Posted 3 years ago. Byzantine holdings in Italy and North Africa were put under attack; even the Byzantine capital of Constantinople was besieged by land and sea several times. It Presents Both Sides Of The Sufi Picture - Its Singular Achievement In Strengthning Moral Fibre, And Its Ruinous Influence In Cultivating Credulousness And Superstition. What were the 2 main problems why the Abbasid dynasty failed? The spread of Abbasid technologies such as windmills and hand cranks and the influence of Abbasid technologies in astronomy and navigation defined the shape of the Early Modern Period and our modern world. Under their rule, the Islamic world experienced a period of great prosperity and expansion, with advancements in fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature. The project was launched by the second ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate, Al-Mansur. In 1055 the Abbasids were overpowered by the Seljuqs, who took what temporal power may have been left to the caliph but respected his position as the titular leader, restoring the authority of the caliphate, especially during the reigns of al-Mustarshid (111835), al-Muqtaf, and al-Nir. What was the Abbasid empire known for and where was its capital? Islam by the first caliph, Ab Bakr (632634), made it possible to channel the expansion of the Arab. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. Baghdad was located between two major continents, Europe and Asia, which naturally allowed them to become a strategic capital due to them being in the middle. How to unlock the A Golden Age achievement. So to sum it up, the Abbasid Empire fell down due to these reasons: Power struggles, and an unorganized method for succession. Nowadays, he is preparing for a PhD program in International Cooperation and Public Policy. Most of these routes went through the Middle East. The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. Artwork of scholars at an Abbasid library. From about 718, members of his family worked to gain control of the empire from the Umayyads and, by skillful propaganda, won much support, especially from Shii Arabs and Persians in Khorsn. The caliphs of this era were great patrons of science, art, and literature. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? True or False: The Abbasid Dynasty's territories expanded considerably during its reign. The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. Government, money and cultural institutions were located there. 02 Nov 2021 14 Nov 2021. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? There were several. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Caliph was in Baghdad, Posted 3 years ago. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Under the reign of leaders such as Al-Mamun and Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid Caliphate bloomed to its full potential from 775 to 861. As its power grip began to fail and as its citizens began to see it weaken, many began to grumble against the dynastys rather secular ways. Shirk (associating partners with Allah); Committing murder (taking away someones life). Despite the Abbasid Dynasty's diminishing political power, its undeniable influence on the world mark it as a golden age of advancement in the Islamic world. They built several iconic structures, including the Great Mosque of Samarra, the Alhambra palace in Spain, and the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. The Abbasid Golden Age erupted just two decades after the caliphate was founded. This major influx of trade brought in large tax revenue, which contributed greatly to numerous public works and the development of a strong regular army, which allowed the Abbasid Caliphate to defend the heart of the Silk Road. Its reign saw numerous great achievements that sent Islamic civilization to its golden age. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. What are 3 accomplishments of the Abbasid Caliphate? Al Mansur established his capital at Baghdad, which he named the City of Peace. By the 14th century, most of their treatises were translated into European languages. It was during this period that a beautiful and distinctive style of art and architecture emerged that spread throughout Muslim lands. %PDF-1.4 % Would hydrogen chloride be a gas at room temperature? (2020, August 26). Set up a skirmish match and set both you and the enemy on the same team, this will allow you to free build your . Al Mansur was firmly involved in the rebellion and played an important role in eliminating the remains of Umayyad resistance. The Umayyads were defeated in battle, and its leadership began to flee. Abbasid developments in astronomy, math, science, and more permeated throughout the world. . GitHub export from English Wikipedia. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. What were the achievements of the Abbasid dynasties? This event initiated a century-long period in which much of the empire was ruled by local dynasties. <> Required fields are marked *. To explain, as the dynasty increased in wealth, it became too large for the caliphate to control. This library contained books of all origins, from ancient Greek treatises and stories to texts from India, China, and Ethiopia. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The rise of the Abbasid Dynasty meant the end of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), a powerful state formed after the death of Muhammed. Finally, the Golden Age of Islam produced numerous astronomers, such as Al-Battani, who improved the measurement of the precession of the Earths axis. Did the Abbasid Dynasty practice Shia or Sunni Islam? The Buyids, Seljuks, and other dynasties gained power in Baghdad and used the caliphs for legitimacy, but they ruled the empire themselves. Because Islamic rule unified much of the Eastern world, thus abolishing many boundaries, trade was freer, safer, and more extensive than it had been since the time of Alexander the Great. Though territory and power were lost to various competing dynasties from the late 10th century, there . Why was Baghdad important to the Abbasid Empire? What happened to Jesse in fast and furious? Discover the incredible history of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the most significant and influential Islamic empires in the world. How did Abbasid Caliphate maintain power? He also made arrangements for succession to the caliphate, and every Abbasid caliph was directly descended from al Mansur. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. What helped unite the Islamic Empire as it spread under the Abbasid Dynasty? The Island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf was an important place for navigation technologies and was in the middle of trade sea roads connecting the Middle East to India and beyond. This is what makes us an attractive partner for advertisers. Although these troops were converted to Islam, the base of imperial unity through religion was gone, and some of the new army officers quickly learned to control the caliphate through assassination of any caliph who would not accede to their demands. Ibn al-Haythm invented the first camera and was able to form an explanation of how the eye sees. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. How did the Abbasid Dynasty start? Foreign Affairs Insights & Review is an important source of critical thinking to our engaged readership. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 775 CE: Beginning of the Abbasid Golden Age. The political power of the Abbasids largely ended with the rise of the Buyids and the Seljuq Turks in 1258 CE. Abbasid Caliphate (7501258) Mamluk Sultanate (12611517). Between 750 and 833 the Abbasids raised the prestige and power of the empire, promoting commerce, industry, arts, and science, particularly during the reigns of al-Manr, Hrn al-Rashd, and al-Mamn. Baghdad was a great commercial center. The construction started in the summer of 762 and lasted five years. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. ]eTAdTlZ4w;g_^4%"XqK"8 The second and first centuries B.C. The Abbasid Empire was a time of finding ways to make the Islam society better. A map of the city of Baghdad. Abbasid Dynasty Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era The city was given a circular form and was fortified by two walls that circled the town. Direct link to David Alexander's post Government, money and cul, Posted 2 years ago. Non-Arabs were treated as second-class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam, and this discontent cutting across faiths and ethnicities ultimately led to the Umayyads overthrow. This trend of impendent governors would continue, causing major problems for the caliphate. For over 500 years, the Abbasid Dynasty ruled the world of Islam, bridging the gap between past and present and between east and west. While the myth of a "Dark Age" in Europe has since been dismissed, historians still emphasize the importance of the Islamic world in preserving and building upon the knowledge of the Classical Era. The eastward orientation of the dynasty was demonstrated by al-Manr 's removal of the capital to Baghdad in 762-763 and by the later caliphs' policy of marrying non- Arabs and recruiting Turks . Abbasid rule also saw the emergence of great intellectuals such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina, better known as Avicenna in the West. What was the main achievements of the Abbasid Caliphate? 3 0 obj Islamic scholars made significant contributions to various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. Ashdo. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); All manuscripts should be submitted as a Word document to kutnitifair@gmail.com. During the Abbasid empire Baghdad became the intellectual hub and so called center of the word. The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was renowned for its prosperous paper industry and libraries. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. They developed algebra, created astronomical instruments, and made advances in medicine. Scholars at an Abbasid library. They founded several institutions of learning, including the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a center of intellectual activity. The rapprochement of ancient philosophy with Islamic religious teaching was one of the key challenges for Muslim philosophers. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. The Abbasids built Baghdad from scratch while maintaining the network of roads and trade routes the Persians had established before the Umayyad Dynasty took over. Invasions (alot of them). However, the lack of stability at the time of the Umayyad Caliphate did not allow for the development of important trade centers in the Islamic Empire. The social content brewed by Umayyad policies opened the doors for political upheaval. This is where we come to the Abbasids decline. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. A new city removed his people from troubles in partisan regions and housed an expanding bureaucracy. endobj Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. In 1258, the Mongol Khan successfully besieged Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty. Converting enemies with Abbasid Dynasty requires building the house of wisdom, and then building the culture wing from within the house of wisdom. The excesses of the Umayyad did not go unnoticed by many in the Islamic world, and challengers were abundant. Gunpowder was also an element brought from China, and scholars from the Abbasid era managed to develop the first formulas for explosions. The Abbasid Caliphate had a long and eventful history that spanned over five centuries. Soon, the black flag of the Abbasid Dynasty was waving above embassies and political processions in East Africa and China and above Islamic armies assailing the Byzantine Empire in the west. Its 100% free. Who was the founder of Abbasid dynasty and what was his title? Abbasid. The Abbasid empire is the second empire of note in the spread and development of Islam. /PageMode /UseNone Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. y/?pEuio@mmc}s[wtOi'P9bT;|?7'CQm]9],'q9aAY[W}fIo 0_1RO`Q;tR:i|%m. They accepted the faith as exemplified by the visitors, traders, and settlers from Arabia. The Abbasid Empire was established in 750 C.E. It is worth 10 points and can be received for: Complete the Abbasid Dynasty Mastery. He returned to the Hijaz and died at Taif in 687 AD. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like where was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty?, what civilization influenced this empire greatly? Scholars living in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate contributed to the preservation of Greek and other existing knowledge about philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and many other disciplines. In 1171 the last caliph died. It does not store any personal data. How do I set the timer to take a photo on my iPhone? Snell, Melissa. The Abbasids were an Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire (save some western parts) after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE, later on, their empire fragmented, however, they retained spiritual supremacy as caliphs until 1258 CE. The remnants of the Umayyad Dynasty took refuge in Al-Andalus in modern-day Spain. Trade grew, cities flourished. The latter, after brutally suppressing potential opposition, quickly built a state that remained a major powerhouse in the Middle East for centuries to come. The capital was moved to the new city of Baghdad, and events in Persia and Transoxania were closely watched. Soon after its completion, the new capital lived up to the ambitions of Al-Mansur and became a major center for trade, culture, and science. All rights reserved | Designed & Maintained By: Your email address will not be published. /Type /Catalog "Abu Ja'far al Mansur." Arabic poetry and literature reached their height during the era of the Abbasid Caliphate. Its reign did not last, as surrounding caliphs grew and absorbed its lands, and the brutal Mongol conquering of Baghdad threatened even the legacy of its achievements. He is also known for his approach to experimentation. Later on, these translations were used by Western intellectuals and contributed to the European Renaissance in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. This library, known as the Baghdad House of Wisdom, continued to be developed and enriched with books and scholarly works until the late 9th century. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. T he Mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 until 1517, when their dynasty was extinguished by the Ottomans. These upgrades impact and alter core game elements and mechanics, providing a unique way to build your empire. Among them, we count Abu Tammam, Abu Nawas, and Al-Mutanabbi. 5 0 2. The Abbasid Caliphs were known for their religious tolerance. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, the leader of the Abbasid forces, defeated the Umayyads in the Battle of the Zab. The Abbasid Dynasty existed between the years 750 and 1258 A.D., lasting for more than 500 years. Isabella and Ferdinand in Granada, Fall of the Sassanid Empire: The Arab Conquest of Persia 633-654 CE. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The Abbasid Dynasty is an adaptive civilization due to their ability to research unique upgrades at the House of Wisdom. >> For purposes of this article, the terms Abbasid Dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate will be used synonymously, as their histories are inseparable. The word Algebra comes from that. . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Many forms of art flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, including ceramics, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, woodwork, and calligraphy. In addition, Muslim engineers developed machines that allowed the mechanizing of certain aspects of agriculture. For the first time, the caliphate was not coterminous with Islam. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. Updated on March 05, 2019. True or False: The reign of the Abbasid Dynasty in the Middle East coincides with the duration of the Islamic Golden Age. Scholars studied the texts of the Classical Era, building upon the rich history of math, science, medicine, architecture, philosophy, and astronomy. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate (661-750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Art depicting Caliph Harun Al-Rashid receiving famous Carolingian ruler Charlemagne in Baghdad. The invasion of the Mongols, who sack Baghdad. Why do we calculate relative atomic mass? What 3 things led to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty? 1 0 obj TrueSteamAchievements. We don't publish articles that overlap substantially with articles published elsewhere.Note for the Contributors. In technology, the Abbasids adopted papermaking from China. However, the Umayyad Caliphate, which was based in Damascus, had sidelined the Abbasids and favored their own clan. The Abbasid Caliphate was a great patron of science. It is important to note that the Abbasid Caliphate's territories shrunk considerably during its existence; by the beginning of the 13th century, the Abbasid state was about the size of Iraq on the map below. Why was the Abbasid Dynasty considered a golden age? The five centuries of Abbasid rule were the time when great works of fiction such as One Thousand and One Nights (also known in English as Arabian Nights). Baghdad was centrally located between Europe and Asia and was an important area for trade and exchanges of ideas. "successor"; civic and religious leader of an Islamic state (called a caliphate). In addition to their desire to have a comprehensive library of knowledge and the. How do you use a fire extinguisher answer? Such policies allowed the development of a strong military, good education, and, most importantly, encouraged the proliferation of trade relations with other major powers. The palace of the Caliph stood in the midst of a vast park several hours in circumference, which beside a menagerie and aviary comprised an enclosure for wild animals reserved for the chase. The Abbasid Caliphate was a major dynasty that ruled over the Islamic Empire during its peak. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Abu Ja'far al Mansur was noted for establishing the Abbasid caliphate. Al-Khawarizmis work also contributed to popularizing the use of Arabic numerals worldwide. Updates? The noble Iranian family Barmakids, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the worlds first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. This metaphor of cultural destruction portrays how the population felt the devastation of their collective knowledge. He put down several revolts, eliminated most of the members of the movement that brought the Abbasids to power, and even had the man who helped him become caliph, Abu Muslim, killed. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Thus, Baghdad became a major trade center that attracted merchants from as far as Western Europe, China, and the African Horn. In the Translation Movement, scholars translated ancient Greek literature into modern Arabic, opening the medieval world to legends and ideas of the past. 754 - 775 Reign of Al-Mansur over the Abbasid Caliphate . "Abu Ja'far al Mansur." In turn, Europeans eventually learned these papermaking and producing skills from Arabs. 5 0 obj The first two centuries of the Abbasid Caliphate are regarded as the golden age of Islamic civilization. 3 What were the technological advancements of the Song Dynasty? Establishment of Abbasid Caliphate. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. One such project was the construction of the new capital of the Caliphate: Baghdad. The development of the library stopped in the times of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in the late 9th century, when more rigorous religious movements started replacing the progressive Mutazilites, who had deeply sponsored this scientific and cultural growth. Melissa Snell is a historical researcher and writer specializing in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Why was the Abbasid dynasty considered a Golden Age? The Abbasid Dynasty from 750 to 1258intensified and solidified these cultural changes. Everything you need for your studies in one place. They had initially resisted Islam . After three years of open fighting the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, was assassinated in 750. It said that the term algorithm is derived from his name. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Will Xbox Series X ever be in stock again? Thus, the spirit of objective inquiry in understanding physical realities was very much there in the works of Muslim scientists. Direct link to geralbap's post were there any women scho. They both visited and received Emperor Charlemagne in the early 9th century. This marked the end of the Abbasid Dynasty. This is in direct contrast to Sunni Islam, the style of the Umayyad and later the Ottoman Empire, which holds that the leader of the Islamic faith should be elected. The Abbasids distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by, So, the major challenge the Abbasid faced was the. By Ilyas BenabdeljalilMA Int'l Relations, BA Political ScienceIlyas holds a BA in Political Science and an MA in International Relations. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The Abbasid caliphs also encouraged the translation of Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic. This is when the Abbasid caliphate began. Corrections? Christians, Jews, and other practices were also subjugated. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate can be attributed to several factors, including: Political instability: The Abbasid Caliphs faced several challenges to their authority. endobj What were the technological advancements of the Song Dynasty? How much MCT oil should I take a day to lose weight? The central location and lively trade culture of the city made a lively exchange of ideas possible as well. In that regard, it is worth noting that bureaucracy was given to Persians, who got their inspiration from the Sassanid Empire, to remodel the governance of the Islamic Empire. Through Baghdad, Islamic scholars preserved the information and knowledge of the Classical Era. Who did the Abbasid Caliphate defeat in the 751 Battle of Talas? Importantly, the ruling dynasty of the Umayyad Caliphate was not related to the bloodline of Muhammed, the founder of the Islamic faith. Al Mansur's father Muhammad was a prominent member of the Abbasid family and the great-grandson of the revered Abbas; his mother was an enslaved Berber. Like most Iranians the Safavids (1501-1722) were Sunni, although like many outside Shiism they venerated Imam Ali (601-661), the first of the 12 Shia imams. Sign up to highlight and take notes. After destroying the collection of the Library of Baghdad by tossing thousands of books into the nearby Tigris River, people reportedly saw the river turn black with ink. The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? #cX@CvHotR#=PH*[Y 4 Kv:S=K` pdgbi$HRK0kt KSC,)`5d`g cF*FFRR"HDdZ) While the Abbasids themselves were descendants of the Arab clans of Mecca, their policies were careful to give importance to converts from other ethnicities and religious minorities. In the 12th century, the Crusaders invaded the Middle East and took control of Jerusalem. 2023 FAIR. Despite that, the newly-established Abbasid Caliphate dominated most of the Muslim world. Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria. The Abbasids conquered the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled the Islamic world from Damascus in Syria, and moved the center of Islamic power into Baghdad, built by the Abbasids as their capital. The last four caliphs were no more than a local Egyptian dynasty, without power, influence, or hope. How did Islam continue to expand in the region? The end of the Abbasid era is harder to define. With the rise of the Abbasids, the base for influence in the empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Scholars translated ancient Greek literature into modern Arabic, opening the medieval world to legends and ideas of the past. But despite the Caliphs slowly turning away from knowledge, the Baghdad House of Wisdom remained a major destination for scholars all over the known world until its destruction. Map of the Mediterranean and west Asia in the 9th century. 1258 CE: Baghdad's Siege, marking the Abbasid Caliphate's end. Extraordinary achievements were made in architecture and arts in general. Under the Abbasids the caliphate entered a new phase. Direct link to lanker's post What made Baghdad such a , Posted 4 years ago. He was one of the most celebrated companions of the Prophet. Great advances were made in many areas of science, mathematics, and medicine. These same philosophers contributed greatly to other fields, such as medicine, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Muslim scholars further developed the Greek astrolabe and contributed greatly to modern navigation. To get a sense of what living in the newly constructed city was like, heres an excerpt from the writings of Arab historian and biographer, Yakut al-Hamawi, describing Baghdad in the tenth century: The city of Baghdad formed two vast semi-circles on the right and left banks of the Tigris, twelve miles in diameter. Like the Umayyad Caliphate before it, the leader of the Abbasids was called the caliph. He was called Tarjumanul Quran or the interpreter of Quran . This was a golden age within the golden age, as the rule of the Abbasid Dynasty (8th to 13th century) is widely regarded as the Islamic Golden Age. Despite some ethnic conflict, such as the 1066 massacre of Spanish Jews, the Arab world promoted both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who made significant achievements in art and literature,. As Islamic traders fanned out from the Arabian peninsula to other areas, they brought their faith practices with them. What were 5 achievements of the Islamic Golden Age? Centuries of scholarly works had been destroyed, marking not only the end of the Abbasid Caliphate but of the Islamic Golden Age entirely. They established an independent emirate, while Berber tribes independently ruled in modern-day Morocco and Algeria. Abdullah Ibn Abbas was appointed governor of Basrah by the Caliph Ali which office he held for some time. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. There al Mansur's other brother, Abu nal-Abbas as-Saffah, received the allegiance of Khorasanian rebels, and they overthrew the Umayyads. <> This led to a decline in the power and influence of the Caliphate. It is said that Baghdad was the first round city of its kind in the Middle East. what made Baghdad center for intellectual activity? It is said that the Angel Gabriel appeared to him , when Abdullah was only ten years old, revealed to him the meaning of the Quran which accounted for his intimate acquaintance with the latter and meaning of the Holy Book. It's "inventor" was merely a "finder". The Silk Road was the network of trade routes that linked China to Europe. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate.