0000002668 00000 n 0WMw$j!$kM]zuepG}Hi g|>bm*TLMJ_4:Wd"[p/W_j"#:tk] +1 They may be established on a geographic area basis such as U.S. 0000003140 00000 n Find some of the most requested links below, or see a full list by category. U.S. Cyber Command defends and advances national interests. ?;mSp&dyC7* * Unified Command Plan (UCP): "The UCP is a classified executive branch document that Forces Japan or on a functional basis such as Special Operations Command, Pacific. It includes authoritative direction over all, aspects of military operations and joint training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the. The UCP defines and authorizes things like each COCOMs area and/or scope of responsibility, as well as each commands mission. component to US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), and has airlift assets forward deployed in the US Central Command AOR. endstream endobj 591 0 obj <>stream In 2009, it focused on synchronizing hundreds of activities inherited from three regional commands that previously coordinated U.S. military relations in Africa.[26]. @3{#qtV3&t5O/,? The United States Defense Department has eleven (11) combatant commands which serve either a geographic or functional purpose. (Select all that apply.) U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) The first seven of these are geographical combatant commands, each of which focuses on a geographic area of the world and has responsibility for U.S. military forces in that area. In theory, these commands are a joint force, but they tend to take on . A sub-unified command, or, subordinate unified command, may be established by combatant commanders when authorized to do so by the Secretary of Defense or the president. %PDF-1.6 % Sub-unified commands may be either functional or geographic, and the commanders of sub-unified commands exercise authority similar to that of combatant commanders. 7AT7dzbendstream endobj 4 0 obj 1016 endobj 5 0 obj 5744 endobj 6 0 obj <> stream Combatant Commanders' Area of Source: U.S. Department of Defense. There are currently 11 cocoms: Military service has a long tradition in the United States. g_t&Rn In terms of that above-mentioned area and/or scope of responsibility, the 11 COCOMs are divided into two types: geographical and functional. 0000175988 00000 n A few days later, the CNO renewed his suggestion for the establishment of a unified Atlantic Command. ?rn0|Tu xs7)q">")d ~Cbn.?DM>9QLuL,3Ly{k"Sgu"Ot RB~^~0 apps below. However, on 5 August 1947, the CNO recommended instead that CINCLANTFLT be established as a fully unified commander under the broader title of Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT). Since World War II, the unified combatant command has been the Department of Defense's (DoD's) method of doing business. Giving authoritative direction to subordinate commands and forces There are seven geographical COCOMs and four functional ones. %PDF-1.5 % Each combatant command (CCMD) is headed by a four-star general or admiral (the CCDR) recommended by the Secretary of Defense, nominated for appointment by the President of the United States, confirmed by the Senate and commissioned, at the President's order, by the Secretary of Defense. The Unified Command Plan (UCP) establishes the missions, command responsibilities, and geographic areas of responsibility of the combatant commands. The term " specified combatant command " means a military command which has broad, continuing missions and which is normally composed of forces from a single military department. They are then executed by the Combatant Commanders (CCDR's), who receive information from the higher authorities through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. [1] There are currently 11 unified combatant commands and each is established as the highest echelon of military commands, in order to provide effective command and control of all U.S. military forces, regardless of branch of service, during peace or during war time. This is the broadest. Thats51 countriesand territories total. it is often time-consuming no one is in charge it can be cumbersome it is rarely effective. This concludes the COCOM introduction and geographical COCOMs primer. Joint Force Commander A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified commander, or JTF 0000003691 00000 n I want to start codingI should buy Windows laptop or MacBook ?, State the functions of:- 1)Hub2)Repeater3)Bridge4)Router , what are the maintenance of soldering iron, is the collection of several command.. Of note, USPACOM is now referred to as USINDOPACOM. These commands are established by combatant commanders when authorized by the Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for unified commands. Gen. Michel M. Russell Sr. is currently serving as the commanding general of the 1st Theater Sustainment Command operating at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and Camp Arifjan . It is headquartered out of Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado. Each COCOM commander can come from any branch of service, and all COCOMs are composed of two or more service branches. Well go in order of appearance. 0000004918 00000 n [15] Known as the "Outline Command Plan," it would become the first in a series of Unified Command Plans. 0000142106 00000 n President Donald Trump announced on 18 August 2017 that the United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) would be elevated to the status of a unified combatant command from a sub-unified command. The command authority established by a superior commander between subordinate commanders when one organization should aid, protect, complement, or sustain another force is called ____. The GoldwaterNichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 clarified and codified responsibilities that commanders-in-chief (CINCs) undertook, and which were first given legal status in 1947. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . (3) The term " combatant command " means a unified combatant command or a specified combatant command. It is headquartered out of Doral, Florida. [12] A unified command structure also existed to coordinate British and U.S. military forces operating under the Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was composed of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. It is headquartered out of MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. Functional cocoms operate worldwide across geographic boundaries and provide unique capabilities to geographic combatant commands and the services, while geographic cocoms operate in clearly delineated areas of operation and have a distinctive regional military focus. [13], In the European Theater, Allied military forces fell under the command of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). SEJPME-US001-03 National Military Command Structure.docx, SEJPME-US001-02_INTRODUCTION TO JOINT DUTY (post test).doc, University of Maryland, University College, Pre Test National Military Structure SJPME 001003.docx, SEJPME 1 Module 3 Knowledge questions.docx, basis of tangibles the buildings the physical layout etc that surround the, 1 year target estimate This is the median target as forecasted by analysts that, div classsubsection table 68 IBM BigFix Console Operators Guide trtd valigntop, 73 Office for National Statistics Statistics on Obesity Physical Activity and, The management has rolled out a Prevention of Sexual Harassment POSH Policy to, A similar but particularly important example which results in a difference in, Business Management Tasks FINAL COPY.docx, Property - Pennell - Outline 1 (noncumulative)8-9.pdf, Three friends A B C invested in a business in the ratio of 456 After 6 months C, Do not feel anxious if you still have trouble seeing the big picture, Another way of hindering poliovirus replication is through aiming the virus.docx, The artista says Lull can work much more quickly than the logicus owing to the, 9 324 a 9 324 b 9 324 g 9 103 QUIZ 7 The dual status doctrine rule can apply to, 3) What are the key criticisms of the interagency process? What do they do? U.S. Central Command builds cooperation among nations throughout the Middle East, responding to crises, deterring and defeating threats, and increasing regional stability. These commands are established by Combatant Commanders when authorized by the SecDef through, the CJCS to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for Unified, Commands. Indo-Pacific Command, or USINDOPACOM, was established in January of 1947. _____ is the authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving, organizing and employing commands and forces, assigned tasks, designating objectives, and giving, authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. It was also announced that the separation of the command from the NSA would be considered. This is particularly true in the case of senior naval officers, where sea duty / shore duty rotations and the culture of the naval service has often discounted PME and JPME as a measure of professional development for success. /ProcSet [/PDF /ImageB /Text]>> endobj 3 0 obj <> stream 0000003612 00000 n Also known as a unified combatant command, or COCOM, these commands are the highest possible echelon of military command and are overseen by whats called the Unified Command Plan, or UCP. i +l*\,&FSgg%!.+34{zGn[1CJ{6.+@3"?7h@-U`Q Q'=iUC5P>]G- Hz)]&rQ^tq;oOfGymm2OWIKbW6 rWsg:pj[Sex{iQX@OXW9RG+e,uY-LkmWA26'|B`0vs\1Z| ?6gn`[lbwnECB 1SJp|L}B9K8a8Ii\.+%RKY$6t[VDTh?mhIldXfA$ke, \v+//l4kUXrkOM$^'4r-@> [21] Examples include the U.S. Each of the 11 COCOMs is led by a four-star flag officer, who is known as the combatant commander, or CCDR. The Department of Defense has many components aside from the service branches. U.S. Southern Command works with allies and partners across Central and South America to enhance peace, promote human rights, deter illegal activities and conduct multinational military exercises. 0000057342 00000 n On 24 October 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced that in accordance with Title 10 of the US Code (USC), the title of "Commander-in-Chief" would thereafter be reserved for the President, consistent with the terms of Article II of the United States Constitution. endstream endobj 594 0 obj <>stream 0000031226 00000 n Thereafter, the military CINCs would be known as "combatant commanders", as heads of the unified combatant commands. It separated from U.S. European Command and was elevated to full unified command status on 1 October 2008. [a] Each time the Unified Command Plan is updated, the organization of the combatant commands is reviewed for military efficiency and efficacy, as well as alignment with national policy.[4][5]. Furthermore, the Secretaries of the Military Departments (i.e. I also . Far East Command and U.S. Northeast Command were disestablished under the Unified Command Plan of 19561957. 1 0 obj <> endobj 2 0 obj <> The relevant section of federal law, however, remains unchanged, and the President retains the power to establish a new specified command.[23]. hDeZiJ $=4UQqeQ4b8kX9@M@R )h%PpE:RRDD_,Phk6R**n{;pcHI(&$ANd+Ba.5Sj99s73>!auk;Z` .e Combatant Command One of the unified or specified combatant commands established by the president. Currently, seven combatant commands are designated as geographical, and four are designated as functional. % But thats exactly what one of the highest levels of command in the military is called. U.S. Space Command conducts operations in, from, and to space to deter conflict, and if necessary, defeat aggression, deliver space combat power for the joint/combined force, and defend U.S.. [33] They are created to conduct a portion of the mission or tasking of their parent geographic or functional command. /XObject <> 362 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<841A3454073CAF418259A5683BFE5D44><23AD724864F1234F8A8DBA1923E10121>]/Index[340 38]/Info 339 0 R/Length 101/Prev 113999/Root 341 0 R/Size 378/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream command authority and may NOT be delegated or transferred. However, in the decades following enactment of GoldwaterNichols, these JPME requirements have yet to come to overall fruition. Register a Department of Defense or service branch website or social media site with Defense.gov. Forces Japan or on a functional basis. 9) Combatant Commanders exercise _____ (command authority) over, assigned forces. It is headquartered out of Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. startxref Northcom's top priority is homeland defense. Secretary of Defense and the Commanders of Combatant Commands. Geographical means they are responsible for all operations, etc., within a clearly defined actual location on or above the Earth such as Africa or Space. Functional means they are responsible for a clearly definedspecific typeof operation, etc., but across all geographical and spatial lines for example, transport or special operations.. Unified combatant commands are "joint" commands and have specific badges denoting their affiliation. 0 endstream endobj 590 0 obj <>stream 0000001168 00000 n They may be established on, a geographic area basis such as U.S. 0000003217 00000 n combatant command (COCOM), with respect to the commands and the forces assigned to that command, are shown in Figure 1-1. %%EOF 1501 0 obj <> endobj An official website of the United States Government, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Joint Civilian Orientation Conference (JCOC), United States Central Command (USCENTCOM), United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM). This is the broadest command authority and may NOT be, 10) Command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or, military capability or forces made available for tasking, that is limited to the, detailed direction and control of movements or maneuvers within the, operational area necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned is, 11) The Joint Staff is under exclusive authority, direction, and control of the. U.S. Department of Defense Combatant Commands consist of eleven unified commands with either a geographic or functional mission to provide command and control of military forces in peace and war.Reviewed and updated every two years by the JCS for official use only, the Unified Command Plan (UCP) assigns missions; planning, training, and operational responsibilities; and geographic areas of . Administrative Control C. Operational Control D. Support They may be established on a geographic area basis such as U.S. They ensure synergy for the command and control of the United States military forces. The United Nations is an international organization that promotes the idea of using diplomacy as a means of preventing war. So this COCOM is by far the largest in terms of AOR. The GoldwaterNichols Act and its subsequent implementation legislation also resulted in specific Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) requirements for officers before they could attain flag or general officer rank thereby preparing them for duty in Joint assignments such as UCC staff or Joint Chiefs of Staff assignments, which are strictly controlled tour length rotations of duty. [citation needed] The original "Outline Command Plan" of 1946 established seven unified commands: Far East Command, Pacific Command, Alaskan Command, Northeast Command, the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Caribbean Command, and European Command. 0000017936 00000 n An official website of the United States Government, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. hj@_e.! Although not part of the original plan, the Joint Chiefs of Staff also created specified commands that had broad and continuing missions but were composed of forces from only one service. The Panama Canal and the area around the canal also fall under this COCOMs responsibility, when it comes to defense. The Combatant commands are commands which are primarily authorized by the Secretary of Defense with approval from the President. 149/3/1,441. It is headquartered out of Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii. The UCP is a classified executive branch document prepared by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. [2] They are organized either on a geographical basis . Like the unified commands, the specified commands reported directly to the JCS instead of their respective service chiefs. 377 0 obj <>stream U.S. Special Operations Command oversees the various special operations components of the armed forces. operation and have a distinctive regional military focus. Terms in this set (31) These commands are established by combatant commanders when authorized by the Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for unified commands. [22] These commands have not existed since the Strategic Air Command was disestablished in 1992. Thats53 nationstotal. 0000142392 00000 n xref Post Test - National Military Command Structure.pdf, Module 2 - National Military Command Structure - Post Test.docx, Post Test SEJPME II (Module 2 - National Military Command Structure).pdf, Where is Kambili he asked I looked down at my chest which was heaving now I did, Leadership Communication-C948- Task2.pptx, Block A of weight 20 N is at rest on a level floor A force F of 20 N is applied, The evolution of technology over the years has been very drastic.docx, Volunteer-and-Intern-Release-of-Liability.doc, 2 Application Layer 25 HTTP request message two types of HTTP messages request, Outbreak Reporting System or NORS this gives easy assessibility to information, 17 Please take the time to answer the following questions as candidly as, chemical compound that has been formed by the joining of two or more compounds, Global_Societal_Problem__Argument_and_Solution.docx.pdf, 74 JanuaryFebruary 2013 BPDSMs one analog quadrature up converter IQ modulator a, Cognition, Memory, and Information Processing.docx, AAAAAAA bbbbeeeeetttttttttttteeeeerrrrrr mmmmmoooooodddddeeeeelllll iiiiisssss, B A teacher C An architect 2 He would like to be an architect because A He wants, 30 Culture affects consumer behavior Theoretical reflections and an illustrative, One of natos goals is to promote democratic values, These commands are established by combatant commanders when authorized by the Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to conduct operations on a continuing basis in. Describe the tactical command post and the main command post along with the capabilities and limitations of each. Where are they located? Hi, can I have the question and answer for PSW Module 3, Hi I need the test questions for the PSW module 3 Body system and the PSW module 4 assisting with personal hygiene and if u have the test questions or exam for module 6, Can u provide me the PSW module 7 exam (question and answer) care planning,restorative care and reporting. U.S. Space Command conducts operations in, from, and to space to deter conflict, and if necessary, defeat aggression, deliver space combat power for the joint/combined force, and defend U.S. vital interests with allies and partners. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders of combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, the Services, and combat support agencies. 0000165272 00000 n Although the aircraft are staged in the Middle East, the commander, AMC (AMC/CC), as the commander of Air Force forces, is responsible for securing these assets during mission execution. View the full A-Z list of all Department of Defense and service branch websites and social media sites. The combatant commanders are entrusted with a specific type of nontransferable operational command authority over assigned forces, regardless of branch of service. A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, and conducts broad and continuing missions. The combatant commands have a broad and continuing purpose. [27][28] USCYBERCOM was elevated on 4 May 2018. The new USSPACECOM will include "(1) all the general responsibilities of a Unified Combatant Command; (2) the space-related responsibilities previously assigned to the Commander, United States Strategic Command; and (3) the responsibilities of Joint Force Provider and Joint Force Trainer for Space Operations Forces". There are currently 11 cocoms: Military service has a long tradition in the United States. The Combatant Commands Today A COCOM is a military command with broad continuing missions under a single commander and composed of significant assigned components of two or more military departments. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be such as Special Operations Command, Pacific. 0000142803 00000 n The Unified Command Plan (UCP) and associated Combatant Commands (COCOMs) provide operational instructions and command and control to the Armed Forces and have a significant impact on how they are organized, trained, and resourcedareas over which Congress has [18] The responsibilities of the unified commands were further expanded on 7 September 1948 when the commanders' authority was extended to include the coordination of the administrative and logistical functions in addition to their combat responsibilities.[19]. The first U.S. Space Command was originally established as a unified combatant command in. [14], The Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to advocate in favor of establishing permanent unified commands, and President Harry S. Truman approved the first plan on 14 December 1946. trailer hbbd``b`b $) nj@D`T\Q = sAd:p A300RDgX ~N 0000141822 00000 n You can find the websites associated with the individual service branches and their social media apps below. 0000270857 00000 n This time his colleagues withdrew their objections, and on 1 December 1947, the U.S. Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) was created under the Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT). 0000142289 00000 n The operational chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the combatant commands. Who is the author of the Unified Command Plan? b. Compare and contrast the features of these systems and assess their, The United States has utilized multiple forms of liberalism throughout its history. endstream endobj 592 0 obj <>stream Under GoldwaterNichols, the service chiefs (also four stars in rank) are charged with the responsibility of the "strategic direction, unified operation of combatant commands, and the integration of all land, naval, and air forces in an efficient "unified combatant command" force. What is a combatant command? It stretches from the North Pole to Israel. It is headquartered out of Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado. administrative responsibilities for these combatant commands, which gave them a mechanism through which they could influence ongoing military operations. U.S. Space Command conducts operations in, from, and to space to deter conflict, and if necessary, defeat aggression, deliver space combat power for the joint/combined force, and defend U.S.. These include standard military items, base operating support, and the supplies and services provided by a Military Service to support and sustain its . 0000213861 00000 n hb```Klw@(1(|!+:1-+E?6IaW +p4d0t0tp4`TfgdgqHP?1itVV14pkL`x (I_@: K10e. Now lets run through the commands. The Unified Command Plan is a classified executive branch document prepared by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staf that assigns missions; planning, training and operational responsibilities; and geographic areas of responsibility to combatant commands. Although slowly changing, the JPME requirement still continues to be frequently waived in the case of senior admirals nominated for these positions.[31]. sustainment. What Is a Combatant Command? U.S. Cyber Command was established on 23 June 2009 as a sub-unified command under U.S. Strategic Command. And that authority extends down to the subordinate commands that fall under each COCOM, so that all U.S. military forces across all branches of service are likewise aligned. [20] CONAD itself was disestablished in 1975. The Defense Department has 11 combatant commands, each with a geographic or functional mission that provides command and control of military forces in peace and war. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The AMC/ articulates how DOD assigns responsibility for different missions and areas of the world.". endstream endobj startxref If you reference the map in the feature image, you can see that this geographical commands area of responsibility, or AOR, includes well,outer space. There are currently eleven . The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Q;:Q";.l^(_v)n\k@SGW^HKi;WtY>d?=j777?~m3-Sip_{O[[47rv_f,S$Deyr`pGOHMY*A2XwFDj^^?\SC6U< lbA2F Y. 0000003770 00000 n 1501 42 0000083362 00000 n Pursuant to my authority as the Commander in Chief and under section 161 of title 10, United States Code, and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, I direct the establishment, consistent with United States law, of United States Space Command as a functional Unified Combatant Command. U.S. European Command works with NATO and partner nations to address security and defense in Europe and parts of the Middle East and Eurasia. 0000003296 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Vice President Mike Pence announced on 18 December 2018 that President Donald Trump had issued a memorandum ordering the stand-up of a United States Space Command (USSPACECOM). 0000003807 00000 n These commands are established by Combatant Commanders when authorized by the SecDef through the CJCS to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for Unified Commands. The combatant commanders head the combatant commands and are usually four-star Generals. It established multi-Service combatant commands and assigned them geo- . U.S. Transportation Command provides transportation capabilities for the military. U.S. Africa Command was established on 1 October 2007 as a sub-unified command under U.S. European Command. Each COCOM commander answers directly to the Secretary of Defense. It operated under U.S. European Command as a sub-unified command during its first year, and transitioned to independent Unified Command Status in October 2008. K8tH*||v\8"Lk\>/1lZV{Js,{-=Qt`*+Pd special operations, force projection, transport, and cybersecurity. Kathleen J. McInnis, Analyst in International Security, Congressional research servce, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 06:54, List of former unified combatant commands, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, GoldwaterNichols Defense Reorganization Act, (Updated February 18, 2020) Defense Primer: Commanding U.S. Military Operations, Theresa Hitchens (26 Aug 2020) Exclusive: Milley To Sign New Unified Command Plan; Defines SPACECOMs Roles, MARGAUX HOAR, JEREMY SEPINSKY, AND PETER M. SWARTZ (27 Aug 2021) A BETTER APPROACH TO ORGANIZING COMBATANT COMMANDS, (JP-1) Air Force Doctrine, Annex 3-30 - Command and Control (7 January 2020) APPENDIX A: COMMAND AUTHORITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS, "US Space Command Takes Reins on Space Ops, but Questions Remain", "US Space Command Establishment Ceremony Launches New Era of Space Superiority", "History of the Unified Command Plan, 19461977", (3 Nov 2022) Out of the Cold War, Into the Fire, MEMORANDUM FOR SECRETARIES OF THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS SUBJECT: The Title "Commander-in-Chief", "Statement by President Donald J. Trump on the Elevation of Cyber Command", "Presidential Documents: Memorandum of August 15, 2017: Elevation of U.S. Cyber Command to a Unified Combatant Command", "Remarks by Vice President Pence at Kennedy Space Center", "Text of a Memorandum from the President to the Secretary of Defense Regarding the Establishment of the United States Space Command", The challenging world of command and support relationships, "History of the Unified Command Plan, 19771983", "Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States", "Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms", Military Changes to the Unified Command Plan: Background and Issues for Congress, "US Creating New Africa Command to Coordinate Military Efforts", "U.S. Central Command Area of Responsibility Countries", "Interactive MapUS Africa Command (USAFRICOM) area of operation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_combatant_command&oldid=1142050456, COCOM combatant command: unitary control not further delegatable by the combatant commander (CCDR), ADCON - administrative control of the command function of "obtaining resources, direction for training, methods of morale and discipline", OPCON - operational control of a command function, e.g.
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