To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. The Plural nature of Nigeria. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. endobj Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. The states were later increased to 30 states. 1. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Federalism in India. << Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. 74 . Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. /F7 24 0 R International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. >> ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Adobe d C Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. /F3 12 0 R This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . welcome, and thanks for reading us. /Length 3884 Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. (eds. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. (Tanzi, 1996). Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. /Filter /FlateDecode was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Hon. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. It also decided that the Public . In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. /Length 14727 Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Required fields are marked *. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. /Height 235 /BitsPerComponent 8 We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Historical experience 3.2 2. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. stream Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. Excellent, thanks a lot f of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Asst. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? |4-Iv Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. >> Resource control: 3.7 7. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. stream I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . /Parent 2 0 R As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state.
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