Best Lifts: And tell me something about your personal life.Larry: I was vice president of Holiday and New Life Spas, there were 20 of us all total. Collectively, the disparities in competition averages and world records between tested and non-tested powerlifters are about what most studies say they should be. As for everyone saying ivanko bars are shit because they are so whippy you have to remember they were actually designed for weightlifting. Just as we assume that every athlete in other drug-tested leagues isnt clean, we shouldnt here, either. Some powerlifters compete in divisions in which they can wear squat suits and bench shirts, which can put them in better form and help increase lift numbers. When we discovered the mistake we did the best we could and used the bar that was available. [quote=mark roskell]its not the fault of the ipf, but the stuff up of the meet directors!!! I've never really changed anything. Youve probably never heard of him, but hes one of the strongest men whos ever lived, and he was a powerlifting god in the early 1980s. The meet director did the best he could given the circumstances and the pass given with the equipment presented for inspection. At 198 he went 450-315-440 to win. Best Lifts: Or will the USAPL overlook something again? Deadlift: 372.5kg/821lb. 123-pound squat data was a dwarf and indeed hoisted 639 pounds. (course they also did drug tests on mike but odds are those won't be a problem). Interesting!If you actually do train at maximum intensity (many think they do) there are some changes that you will have to make as you get older (no set age). A man who can get into slick clothes and not sacrifice his size or strength. How many more times will you shoot yourself in the foot? Although he seldom works them, he has pressed 300lb from behind the neck and military pressed 325lb. Powerlifting champion and Hall of Famer Mike Bridges has officially endorsed KT Tape as his choice for pain relief and muscle support. That has got to be more dangerous that squatting without wraps. Dan, like Ed and Fred Hatfield, has proven that the little man is in! Mike's lifts are pending on the IPF website. and the Squat at an astonishing amount of 804 lbs. This is the biggest USAPL meet of the year. Brand spankin new bar, just no center knurling. My friend Arnold Coleman broke Mike's and Gene Bell's total record at the 2005 Arnold Classic. The best in the sport can, with perfect form, hoist more than a few times their bodyweight in iron. Reply . Harold put on a great meet. Terry Todd isn't merely the United States' first national powerlifting champion (in 1964 and '65), he was also the first man to total 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, and 1,900 pounds. Its 2016 and this year marks the end of my first 50 years in powerlifting. [quote=Travis Werner]I really hope the IPF overlooks this and lets the record stand. There was no 220 class yet. George has put his time in and i know we all appreciate Georges effort in supporting the game through his participation. He bench pressed well over 400, squatter more than 700 and deadlifted close to that. Ed did one bodybuilding show as a teenager but he did not like the idea of losing weight, he wanted to become as big as possible. 1983Mens Senior Nationals No one ever say a word to him no matter what. Was I right! Third, to the IPF, if you do take the records away, ask yourself why there are all these feds and why lifters are constantly jumping from fed to fed. Everyone there knows you did your best to make the meet as perfect as it could be, in EVERY aspect. We both didn't try to make weight. Actually, I've worked at keeping everything the same since it worked before and seems to be working OK now as well. I can honestly say 848 would have gone up. Benchpress: 705.5 pounds (320kg) I felt good that morning and was ready to push it. Fred has held the squat record in several classes and he has squatted 1008lb at the Budweiser meet in 1986. As a lifter who has done both USAPL and IPF meets, I suspect you will be denied your records as they both are inflexible and it's the rule book. USAPL, was it "modified rules" which were in effect this time? LARRY PACIFICO "Mr. Powerlifting" set 54 world records in an 18-year career. They keep raising the standard. Try Squatting with all that weight with a smooth middle! If you are a world class lifter, you are a world class lifter in any fed. I find that while the weight I lift is less, the intensity is still high and with decent results but I stay sore longer. The rescue squad got there in 10 minutes and away I went. I went 760, 810, 832. Ken Lain DVD's. Tape 1 - Add 50 to 75 lbs To Your Bench Press. this meet director, the ipf (USAPL) refs who inspected the platform and weights, and the USAPL EC members present, tech sec, all of these should be held directly responsible for what was discovered thursday and they did not work to correct. Deadlift: 272.5kg/600lb. they're listed as pending cause someone turned in teh record forms and until ipf looks into this, they're pending. Putt Houston. now with more Bom Chicka Wahwahhhhhh. The movement standards of powerlifting competitions are going to be a significant challenge. then on the other days he would go between 50-80% of his max for extra volume. [quote=TheGymMuse] Why is it so hard? this meet director, the ipf (USAPL) refs who inspected the platform and weights, and the USAPL EC members present, tech sec, all of these should be held directly responsible for what was discovered thursday and they did not work to correct. Within three hours I was on the operating table. Many powerlifters even on high level don't train more than 3-5 times a week. We did not know this in advance. And they probably DID! SPECIAL. My middle finger and both the fingers on each side were caught. 2. I hope this does not come true. I drove it back over my head, I guess to keep it from tearing my pec worse, and to keep the bar from sinking in my chest. I've also, place 2nd once, and 3rd twice in the 'open' class since age 47 in World Championships. WAS THE PAPER IT WAS WRITTEN ON WAS THE RIGHT SIZE! I like my ProKinetics and I recommend you try them! All Rights Reserved. John Gamble! If he would choose to use the best gear of today, it would be crazy. The TPB was usewd because it DID have center knurlings. Really, then what would you have done if the meet director, technical sec were standing together when they opened the box from Ivanko to find the wrong bar had been sent? [quote=Anonymous]And squating without center knurling??? At meets a certain aura surrounded you.Larry: My first rival was Joe Weinstein. Brand spankin new bar, just no center knurling. When we discovered the mistake we did the best we could and used the bar that was available. But those accepting the pay of the sponsorship fees do not have to suffer with the bars, merely to take the money and thus approve themjust like at times platforms/stages at ipf worlds have sagged under the larger squatters, only to be considered "acceptable". Michael Easter is an associate editor at Mens Health magazine. Deadlift: 320kg/705.48lb. 1984 Honolulu, Hawaii they can replace usapl, remember? One would have to see the 325lb. $29.95 each. American Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation, 2008 American Physiological Society study, How The Federal Reserve Is The Shadow Branch Of The Government, Why Original Predictions About The War In Ukraine Were So Off. And your team Power Elite with your lifters including Topsogov Studer.Larry: We had a great team back then and I will always look back to the early days without so much politics. What reports? Bob Matz would judge meets and was down right scary to look at. We took off and I told him what happened. But it will inevitabably follow the same process. A week later Mac and I flew to California. If this is how the IPF treats their lifters it's no wonder that the WPC Eurasian Cup has 635 lifters pre- registered to lift! In total, the lifters at Raw Unity put up about 17.44 percent more weight than the lifters at the USAPL competition and 3.46 percent more than those at the IPF meet. the fault is with USAPL and its referees (IPF ones) and its meet director, who should have KNOWN better than to hold a MEN's NATIONALS and that women's record breaker event WITHOUT THE PROPER BARS. Since the bar and collars must weight 25kg(55.115lbs) and the TPB and collars would weigh 56.023(25.4kg). The problem was discovered on Thursday. Nothing worked. The top of the pin stuck out about a quarter inch with a tiny loop that bent around. It wasn't as meteculous years ago when the USAPL was first cutting their teeth after becoming the IPF affiliate. In a Conjugate Method training program, dynamic effort training is typically focused on increasing the At Westside, we use dynamic effort training to improve our rate of force development. When joining the IPF the USAPL agreed to follow the rules in place, not some of them or just the ones we like etc. Mike Gansey's . But those accepting the pay of the sponsorship fees do not have to suffer with the bars, merely to take the money and thus approve themjust like at times platforms/stages at ipf worlds have sagged under the larger squatters, only to be considered "acceptable". this is a joke,if anybody should be repremanded it should be the meet directors,the issue of bars cant be held against mike bridges and the records that he set,if thats the case then the entire meet results would have to be erased. They had time to get another bar!!! if indeed he's been robbed before, then he's pretty tough for sticking in there and coming back. The next day I called Dr. Kunitz and he said to call my doctor. Was this in Tampa? yes. No excuses! Squat: 405kg/892.87lb In powerlifting, competitors vie to lift the heaviest weight possible for one rep. It will be a **** shame if Mike is stripped of these records. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Raw Unity lifters outdo IPF competitors by about 3 to 4 percent and USAPL competitors by 17 to 18 percent. They called Mel the king of the bench press. Records should not have to be sacrificed because of this. I would ask Larry how to push up my bench and Larry would say to train my triceps because they are 75 percent of your bench. Who is that? 5. John has totaled just around 2300! Blood started flowing and I started to stand up, but I passed out and rolled back on the platform. All rights reserved. I'm sure if anything does happen like records being reversed, the people who are invloved will only use this as motivation to exceed their previous lifts. 1980-11-07, USA-VA, Arlington. Squat: 395kg/870lb wouldnt u think for a comp that big, that everything would be above board, regardless of what you think the rules should be? XTREME SQUATTING-book, XTREME DEADLIFTING-book, & ADVANCED POWERLIFTING TECHIQUES-DVD. Multi Time World Champion. 1980 IPF Mens World Powerlifting Championships In response to a question about how his training has changed as he has gotten older, powerlifting legend Mike Bridges answers that at 50 he still trains the same. He was a tremendous bencher. How are you doing Roger?! Meshuggah. Without a doubt, he wasthe greatest of the 275 pounders. Joe "The Lad" Ladnier Mississippi Monster, Free Shipping with a $69 qualifying order. Against my good judgment I took it again. The one thing that keeps Lee from the world record total is a poor deadlift. In fact, the folks in Missouri have always done a great job. Deadlift: 320kg/705.48lb. You might say not bad well let me tell you this, maybe 12 super-heavies have done 630 plus, but Sam, at 275, has out-benched at least half of the twelve. Squat: 410kg/903lb You can train as hard as ever; but there will be a time that you have to allow more recovery time. And some new research shows that they help you better activate the muscle, increasing strength.. Squat: 455kg/1003b Those of you out there who knew Mac Richards know exactly what I mean when I say he was a great guy, great lifter, and a best friend to us all. I came in at 226 and Mike at 183. We assumed that the manufacturer sent us the approved/correct bars. lift on, stay young, and live to enjoy it! Mike Bridges ( Birth date: february 1, 1957) Who is that? John is what every new young powerlifter wants to be. Steroids also tend to decrease body fat. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. This is powerlifting not Olympic weightlifting no need for some Broz type of nonsense. Mike Bridges - Bridges was one of the greatest powerlifters of all time, competing in the 165 and 181 pound classes. This. See, they cannot make an exception for a USA lifter because USA would beef huge IF a russian had an improper bar and broke records too price of having approved bars, weights, and rules. JOHN INZER An elite lifter, Inzer invented the bench shirtsupportive equipment that allowed for bigger lifts. anyway, im in agreement with most everyone here, that is, there is no way any record should be taken away because of this. On the morning before the meet we opened 2 brand new shipping tubes from an IPF approved manufacturer and they contained bars that did not have center knurling. When squatting is being talked about , you can be sure that Hatfield will be named at the top. Larry would drive from Dayton to Toledo for four years using a simple 5-3-1 system. KT Tape is the first-ever kinesiology tape to come in pre-cut strips specifically designed for consumer use. to the meet director - sorry this sounded so strong. It's unfortunate that an error like this had to happen, but the bar we were using was just fine!! Needless to say, the routine listed below, is designed to work on each of these lifts. But just how much horsepower and torque do athletes gain? Mike gave it hus all and was a supporter of the sumo-style deadlift and is one of the first to use it effectively. Results 1 to 5 of 5 Thread: Mike Bridges Training ? He started lifting at 58 and was that one-in-a-thousand who had that Special Super Strength. Benchpress: 265kg/584lb I don't fault the meet director. that'd just be the cherry on the top of this disaster! Bridges came back to bench press and hit 440 pounds, good for ninth . [/quote] I guess he got too much publicity and I wanted to crush him. I was never as happy as I was to see Mac walk in my room to take me home to Dayton, Ohio. Everything at this meet was ran by the guys in the uniforms! Ivanko bars are awfulthey are outrageously whippy and the non-standard knarling makes setting up for the deadlift quite confusing. Also known ad Dr. Squat. My first personal observation of Mike was at the Heart Of America Powerlifting Contest, an annual event hosted by St. Louis gym owner and bodybuilder George Turner. Mike Bridges the only people who are happy with those lousy bars are benchers. I called him and he got me in and said it might never straighten out again. After getting out of the Army I started to compete in and around Ohio. I hope it wasnt 45lbs cos USAPL/IPF rules stipulate metric measures Mike is going to get robbed because it's an IPF rule, tpb isn't approved equipment and so he's getting american records. That number is even more amazing when you consider that at the 1968 German powerlifting championships, 176-pound Arnold Schwarzenegger squatted 460 pounds. BUT, as a lifter at the meet who is not capable of setting world records, I was very happy when I learned that we would be using a Texas Power Bar. (365.5 kg). Records should not have to be sacrificed because of this. I am aware of the wrong bar that was shipped because I warmed up with it in the warm up room. Lou: I recall soon after getting home from the army in 1970 you set a national total record on the same dayas Joe Weinstein at 1675 at198. . I started training at Bob Matzs gym in Toledo, Ohio, with George Crawford and Milt McKenzie, butwon world titles along with Larry.Larry would drive from Dayton to Toledo for four years using a simple 5-3-1 system. How is this the USAPL shooting themselves in the foot? I have a Texas Power Bar and it weighs 20kg. One official got yelled at for asking about the bar while my boyfriend was checking his rack height later on thursday. And in some years at Raw Unity, a weight class might only have two lifters (an athlete has to be very strong to qualify for the event). I am aware of the wrong bar that was shipped because I warmed up with it in the warm up room. My boyfriend was in the area on Thursday afternoon when several referees told the Technical Sec that something was wrong with the bar and they were told it was OK, it was an old Ivenko Bar. if i were running the damned thing, i'd be double checking EVERYTHING. Bench: 227.5kg/501.55lb That's the most ridiculous thing i've ever heard, did they not KNOW you need to use approved equipment? That's when Bridges competed in the ADFPA (American Drug Free Powerlifting Association). they say he found out thursday. Men (65+) 2022 open 28th Worldwide. Let's hope they get confirmed soon. An athlete lives at the whim of a sports rules, and when those rules change, so can their career. Steroids have been clearly shown to increase muscle mass, and theres a direct correlation between muscle cross-sectional area and the ability to produce force, said Brad Schoenfeld, an exercise scientist at the City University of New Yorks Lehman College. barbell | 21K views, 632 likes, 8 loves, 38 comments, 118 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Old School Strength: Powerlifting legend Mike Bridges deadlifts ~617 lb in the 198 lb weight class. Powerlifting differentiates between world records set at tested and non-tested competitions. Bench: 227.5kg/501.55lb 600lb bench and a deadlift of 815 for a world record total of 2400 pounds. This was one of the most amazing feats of strength I had ever seen at that time. And in Daytona, Ohio, eight weeks later he made a 590-pound bench press at 228 bodyweight. Mike won the second most prestigious national powerlifting in 1977 when he won the Junior National Powerlifting Championships. So, as a powerlifter, if you stay in the same weight class but you lose 10 pounds of fat and gain 10 pounds of muscle, you can be tremendously stronger, because fat doesnt help you lift weight. Peoria, IL. The ProKinetics Natural Body Balance Insoles naturally help me align my feet and knees just right without me consciously having to alter my posture. [/quote] the lousy knurling on ivanko bars is now a serious problem and despite their paying of the fee, ipf should seriously consider kicking those bars out UNLESS they can be corrected to have more sufficient knurling. In that meet there were four men who would become IPF World Champs: Milt McKenzie, George Crawford, Vince Anello and, last but not least, Larry Pacifico, the subject of this article. Rank. Mike was in powerlifting from the first days of the IPF in the early 1970s. Mike is going to get robbed because it's an IPF rule, tpb isn't approved equipment and so he's getting american records. I really hope the IPF overlooks this and lets the record stand. Arnold Schwarzenegger (3). Bridges' squat of 711 pounds, bench of 512 pounds, and total of 1,896 pounds are all new 198 class World Records. Raw Nationals is drug-tested, and the Classic Worlds tests but perhaps not as strictly as the USAPL event. Mike Bridges, age 50, captured multiple IPF Master's 2 (50+) World Records last weekend at the USAPL Men's Nationals. that is bullshit. so yes, some records were set with tpb. Harold, your meet was excellent!!!! Bob Matz would judge meets and was down right scary to look at. Mike Bridges was the Ed Coan of powerlifting before there was an Ed Coan. Consider this 2008 American Physiological Society study, which found that the benefits of steroids in powerlifters can last several years beyond when the drugs leave their body. George Hechter (Birth date: august 14, 1961). HOWEVER, if you're the meet director and you're running an IPF qualifier with potential world records, YOU are responsible for making sure the bar is good. BUT, as a lifter at the meet who is not capable of setting world records, I was very happy when I learned that we would be using a Texas Power Bar. No one should have to put up with this BS. My finger was bleeding and I was sweating and I had to make that flight. I slept on the flight down and drifted in and out for the next eight hours, but I was able to watch most of the operation not only mine but both of the other two as well. WTF!! I realize that rules are rules but, don't shoot the horse because the jockey was overweight. Dr Mike lives in st Louis and I know he has some. When you see him lifting over 500lb in the benchpress in such a smooth Continue When planning ahead for the meet today, I had to ask myself if I was capable of creating conditions in which records could be set and make it known to the lifters who entered the meet today whether the conditions in which they would find would or was not condusive to setting any records. His form was a model of perfection, but his physical strength was amazing in the squat and bench.He[MCJ1] was doing theBridges Flair before Mike was doing it. Bodybuilding and physique-training provide exposure to the powerlifting exercises but not the technique. Possibly the closest man to Dave Waddington in the squat. We looked at the numbers in three of the biggest competitions: Raw Unity, USAPLs Raw National Powerlifting Championship (Raw Nationals) and the IPFs Classic Powerlifting World Championships (Classic Worlds). Fantastic story. Mike Bridges - 512 lb Raw Bench @ 181 lbs (232.5 @ 82.5 kgs) 2,478 views Aug 19, 2016 35 Dislike Share Save Lexington Plummer 1.52K subscribers From the 1982 USPF Sr Nat'ls, Mike Bridges. I dont drug test at Raw Unity for a couple reasons, said Eric Talmant, who organizes and competes in Raw Unity, an event considered by some to be the Super Bowl of American raw powerlifting. ivanko bars suck. I hope this does not come true. Mike is a World IPF Champion, IPF World Record Holder, 2008 Masters World Champion with 4 Gold Medals, and 2007 World Bench Press Gold Medalist. This means they have to use IPF-approved equipment on the platform. Mike Bridges The Peoria Powerhouse as told to POWERLIFTING USA by Herb Glossbrenner Great Form from the beginning. This year, at 52, Mike just won 4 gold medals in the Pan American Games. Steve Powell has uploaded video of the first two squat attempts of powerlifting legend and pre-meet favorite, Mike Bridges (198), at the USAPL CON-CRET Raw Challenge at the Arnold Classic. why someone running a meet like this waits to the last second anyway is a damned good question. Note: During the BFCM sales period all sales are final.Thus, no returns will accepted. The bigger the glass, the more of everything else you can do. All other things being equal, the stronger you are, then the quicker you run, the harder you hit, the higher you jump, the faster you throw. You had Mike Bridges who astonished the world with his absolute dominance and ground breaking lifts. In the meet Paul tore a quad and broke an ankle. Bridges weighed just 173 pounds, but at the 1983 U.S. Powerlifting Federations (USPF) national championships, he bench pressed, squatted and dead lifted1 a combined 2,011 pounds. Mel has benchpressed 535lb, squatted 535lb and deadlifted 600lb. And he held a special "women's gateway open" with lifters all breaking WR's TOO..WHERE WAS THIS MAN's BRAIN??? He trained with Don Cundy the first to make an 800 deadlift, and Jerry Gones who would wear a superhero suit at a meet and a wig. 3. dont lie to everyone who questioned the bar and keep insisting it was an old Ivenko bar. And I won the worlds. RECENT:Joe "The Lad" Ladnier Mississippi Monster. squatting 804 lb. Good luck to all of them. I bought it in the park and it was the "official hat of the team" and part of the money I payed was toward the license fee the hat company payed the baseball organization. Bridges trained all three of the power lifts in the same workout, three days a week. So in a desperate effort, I rolled to my left and the fucking pin pulled all the way out. C'mon. He went back and opened the trunk and brought back two tall, really cold bottles of beer. (BUT he's not alone, there will be some very angry WOMEN TOO on this! Welcome to the club, Mike. Powerlifting had one federation, one national champion, Gaynor said. He has broken over 100 combined Nationals and World Records in his storied career. The numbers from these competitions arent perfect; for example, the IPF just started hosting a raw championship,6 so there are only three years of comparable data. He finally pulled out the pin and said it may never be straight again. No one expects any more of you. Just lift it! 6. oh yeah and IPF who gets the SPONSOR FUNDING EVERY YEAR for keeping them APPROVED. Anyway, I digress. That being said, steroids, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), clenbuterol and other banned substances dont make an athlete more skilled at his sport they amplify skills he already has. Our flight out of LA was fine. I weighed 150 pounds back then.Lou: When you moved to Dayton what was your occupation? [quote=Roger Ryan]I agree Buddy. Dr. Fred Hatfield (october 21, 1942 Died may 14, 2017). 2023 Westside Barbell. For example, research published in the journal Sports Medicine found that steroids can increase an athletes strength by 5 to 20 percent. They don't specifically train to get huge muscles, but they still end up being massive. DUMB, the man had spanking new Ivanko weights and ER rack on the platform, to think that the bar was his underminding the rules is plain stupid. I was the Meet Director for this event and I would like to put to rest this issue (if possible). It may linger and help him kick ass for years to come. In 1956 in Minneapolis my buddies and I, Reps and sets ranged from 510 to 10-15 sets of lower reps, to the aforementioned 50-rep sets on some exercises,. 7. Log in or register to post comments My total at around age 46 was just under 1700. Gerlof Holkema 4.4K subscribers Subscribe 4.1K views 2 years ago Mike Bridges (1982) WORLD RECORD (181 lbs /. Thanks.Louie Simmons. Mike Bridges Multiple World Champion Weight Lifter Peoria, IL Mike is a World IPF Champion, IPF World Record Holder, 2008 Masters World Champion with 4 Gold Medals, and 2007 World Bench Press Gold Medalist. [quote=Anonymous] well yeah they were legal when they kept the sponsorship fee up. Trying to figure this out with the same type hip replacement as Rickey Crain. What was remarkable was the little guys finger was as tiny as you would expect, and with the help of microscopic lenses he worked a miracle. One time while weighing in Larry was standing on one foot just to bug him. It is said the that the road of good intentions a paved with, It was stuck in about four inches down. Well, finally the final chapter to this event: As I mentioned, Mac Richards came back down to pick me up in Louisville. all of the sheiko guys seem to do well in these feds. There's a big difference between exposure and mastery! George is to be feared, and why not , it isnt everyone who can squat 985 and total 2369lb. Here's my finger today. Power bodybuilding requires you to re-learn technique and reach new movement standards. they had TIME TO FIX THIS. they had TIME TO FIX THIS. I walked around and found a check-in counter down a hallway. It was a national meet. He was and is the strongest man under 200 pounds I ever saw. Wow. Mike Bridges Training ? they can't in other parts of the world hate to say it but mike is probably screwed on this and his own fed did it to him. if you're meant to be in this sport, you are already more durable over the years than most gym lifters. [/quote]The Ivanko bars were not used because they arrived from the manufacturer without center knurlings. I've never really changed anything. In football, the drugs can help a fullback break through what would have been a tackle; in baseball, they can help a pitcher take a 95 mph fastball to 98 mph (and also help him recover between starts). if i were running the damned thing, i'd be double checking EVERYTHING. Putt Houston. now with more Bom Chicka Wahwahhhhhh, http://usapowerliftingforum.com/cgi-bin/config.pl?read=12709. Hes laid down a base of muscle that doesnt just dry up when the drugs do. Carl said "I realize that rules are rules but, don't shoot the horse because the jockey was overweight." When powerlifting, you train with three exercises in mind: Bench press, squats, and deadlifts. Actually, I've worked at keeping everything the same since it worked before and seems to be working OK now as well. True, Jack. I would hear it from him every meet when he told me if I did not get a better bench I would never win at nationals. 1980 IPF Men's World Powerlifting Championships. If I remember, this is not the first time a National Meet in St Louis had the wrong bar.
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