Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. Objectives: To explore and describe the coping strategies used by student nurses during COVID-19. Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (20072017). https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Limit your media consumption. 2015;173: 9096. Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Flatt, A. K. (2013). Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Many things can impact this including our physical health. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. -. When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. During the pandemic, optimism, hope, and resiliency have been significant predictors of well-being. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). Establish a routine. Wiley. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E, Colditz, J. Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. 2020 Sep 17;22(9):e22817. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Stress associated with adapting to online learning presented particular challenges for students who did not have adequate internet access in their homes (Hoover, 2020). And there are ways to lessen your stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). The authors reported no conflict of interest Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. Front. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Research Question 3 Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Occupy your mind with puzzles. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. Thus, efficient interventions that are not likely to trigger stigma responses are helpful in this context. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Eat well. Legal Notice | Privacy Policy, 11235 Bellflower Road Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). They could also be adapted to provide services online. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion, accomplishment, negative emotion, and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. PERMA-Profiler Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. Atria Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. A further consideration is that the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) may not be associated with similar outcomes for people of other cultures and backgrounds during COVID-19. Avey, J. Personality and coping. Below are strategies and resources that may help you cope with stress. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. And having to stay home can be lonely. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21212, Demerouti, E., van Eeuwijk, E., Snelder, M., & Wild, U. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. B. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. Reduction in Well-Being Related to COVID-19 Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. Point-biserial correlation Random House. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Youth can 10.3390/ijerph18010355 Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. Although the reason for this result is uncertain, it is conceivable that attending to an uncertain future (i.e., hope) and recovering from immediate losses (i.e., resilience) became more salient, and ones self-efficacy in managing normal, everyday challenges receded in importance. The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures