10 strategies for coping with depression. Some coping skills could create bigger problems in your life. some types of bowel disease. Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health measures. If you are looking for more of a scientific approach to coping, including information concerning the Coping Wheel, you will want to explore our article entitled The Science of Coping: 10+ Strategies & Skills. The therapy works on increasing psychological flexibility and choosing committed actions based on values. Does Resilience Improve Coping Abilities? Support in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. When you have a toolbox ready to go, youll know what to do. Download 3 Free Resilience Exercises (PDF) endobj You arrive home from work to find him playing videos in his messy room. coping@louisville.eduNote that email cannot be used to make appointments. Related Files Introduction - Coping Skills Format: PDF | File Size: 310KB Module 1 - Coping Skills Format: PDF | File Size: 101KB Module 2 - Coping Skills Short film design about toxic positivity in Surabaya community. 5. The ability to relax and clear your mind is a helpful coping skill for managing stress. Breathe in then, when you breathe out; very slowly release your breath out. Emotional Coping Skills 1. Just because a strategy helps you endure emotional pain, it doesnt mean its healthy. But you might find going for a walk when youre angry causes you to think more about why youre madand it fuels your angry feelings. %%EOF Beck, J. S. (2011). Try a mantra. What are Attributional and Explanatory styles in Psychology? Allow yourself to cry 2. Further, attributional and explanatory styles may affect a persons choice of coping style. I was like, 'Maybe I shouldn't . The reported use of coping strategies varied significantly between men and women for 8 of the 15 strategies addressed. Feeling physically unwell: A lack of ability to cope can lead a teenager to feeling unwell physically including an increase in their rate and breathing. Pang, L. H. G., & Thomas, S. J. A driver in a hurry realizes that the car he is driving has a flat tire. mental health conditions, like mania in bipolar disorder, can be triggered by getting too little sleep. Call a friend. Dedicate time for prayer and meditation. Read a lot of books. Changing one's lifestyle and habits can take time. People can use their own personal coping skills to take charge of their thoughts, feelings, and actions, and when they do, they find that they experience mental health and even begin to thrive. Can you share additional coping strategies? These tools are intended to supplement treatment, and are not a replacement for appropriate training. 25 questions / Coping Skills Symptoms Mental Health Professionals General Riddles. A young woman, amid a complicated divorce, seeks the advice of a close friend who had a similar experience and may offer compassion. Disclaimer: The resources available on Therapist Aid do not replace therapy, and are intended to be used by qualified professionals. You have told your teenager he needs to clean his bedroom. Call: 416-493-4242 ext 0. relationships with others. When life throws rocks at you, you should have the ability and the . We invite you to participate by commenting and sharing your feelings, experiences and knowledge on the HealthyPlace Facebook page. In this piece, we explored various coping styles, described different kinds of coping mechanisms and skills, and provided a multitude of coping ideas. Is Trauma-Focused Therapy Imperative for Trauma Survivors? Pick something that speaks to you: I believe in myself. You might find that certain coping strategies work best for specific issues or emotions. Before heading out the door in the morning, you told him he has to clean his room after school "or else." Destressing with soothing activities like coloring, reading, etc. This is because I feel like I dont have any skills or knowledge. I love programming, which is not the core of what Im studying, but everything Im currently is just so frustrating (because I dont know what to do). Learning to cope with stress in a healthy way will help you, the people you care about, and those around you become more resilient. www.nimh.nih.gov. Keep reading: 5 easy ways to ease your mind . Walk away and leave a situation that is causing you stress. If you know of anyone who can benefit from this newsletter or the HealthyPlace.com site, I hope you'll pass this onto them. Follow Now: Apple Podcasts / Spotify / Google Podcasts. Coping mechanisms are something I have advocated for many years having learned to use them when suffering with Post Viral Depression over 30 years ago. Mental Health Coping Toolkit This page began as the COVID-19/Mental Health Coping Toolkit, and it was created to pull together resources to help people cope during a really difficult time. Coping Styles Coping and resilience in the transition to adulthood. You were so flattered and surprised by the invitation that you agreed to do it. Coping Skills CBT for Anxiety CBT for Depression Trauma Focused CBT Parent Management Training (PMT) Suicide and Self Injury Child Sexual Behaviors Other Mental Health Problems Coping Skills for: Challenging Thoughts Managing Anger Managing Distress Identifying and Rating Feelings Relaxation Sleep Hygiene Therapist Materials Look after your health. Coping Skills for Mental Health and Wellbeing, HealthyPlace. Autonomy in university students: Predictive role of problem focused coping. While young children may look for their parents for support, adolescents begin soliciting the support of their peers or themselves (Leipold et al., 2019). Site last updated March 4, 2023, Mental Health 101: Developing Coping Strategies, Fighting Flashbacks: Coping Skills for the Symptoms of PTSD, Impulse Control and New Coping Skills in Addiction Recovery, Self Injury Self Help: Self Help Coping Skills for Self Harm. Instead, its up to you to decide which type of coping skill is likely to work best for you in your particular circumstance. Coping Skills Coping skills help us get through difficult times - they can give us an important break from mental and emotional distress, and sometimes they are literally life-saving. When a person seeks emotional or instrumental support from the community, they are engaging in a social coping or support-seeking coping style (Algorani & Gupta, 2021). When it comes down to it, there is no reliable "Am I Gay test", so the only way, Positive inspirational quotes are good for people with depression to have on-hand. They don't worsen it. By understanding the two main types of coping skills, you can better select strategies that are suited to different types of stress. Supporting clients to develop a range of coping skills is a common focus in therapy. [2] The employee has not replied to the meeting invitations and has found an alternative route so that he no longer has to walk past his bosss office. Be realistic, not dramatic. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Find out which option is the best for you. An ethno-cultural community mental health agency with a culturally competent team in Ontario serving Asian community members who are 16 years and older. Vulnerability and competence: A review of research on resilience in childhood. Professionals who use the tools available on this website should not practice outside of their own areas of competency. Some people are capable of dealing with tremendous amounts of pressure, and can even thrive on it. Knowing which approach is right for a specific situation can help you deal with stress more effectively. In contrast, healthy coping strategies dont always feel good in the moment, but they contribute to long-lasting positive outcomes. Say something kind to yourself 13. Eat well - eat a balanced and nutritious diet with lots of fresh vegetables. Find something you enjoy like swimming, yoga, dancing or a team sport. I believe this is the best thing you can do to support yourself in your efforts to cope, even if you must do so alone. Retrieved This Bundle Includes 37 Templates Coping skills can include such things as: Coping skills are choices, and they're habits. Think of something funny 5. increase your energy. This coping style involves reducing the emotions associated with a stressor while avoiding addressing the problem (Van den Brande et al., 2020). For more information about how our resources may or may not be used, see our help page. Self-isolation: A significant contributor to cannabis use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lets look at various scenarios where these coping mechanisms are used in an unhealthy and healthy way. How Do You Know if You Need to Ask for Forgiveness? You open your email to find your annual performance review. Sometimes its helpful to face your emotions head-on. Emotion-Focused and Problem-Focused Strategies. A 2014 study found that people who engaged with proactive coping were better able to deal with the changes they encountered after having a stroke. The association of COVID-19 stressors and family health on overeating before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Coping Skills: Anxiety worksheet describes four strategies for reducing anxiety. It was like 'Walking on Sunshine' and 'It's Raining Men' and stuff like that. Take brief rest periods during the day to relax. Coping with Loneliness. They may also be referred to as ineffective or maladaptive strategies. Satriopamungkas, B., Yudani, H. D., & Wirawan, I. G. N. (2020). Coping styles and coping resources in the work stressorsworkplace bullying relationship: A two-wave study. Coping strategies are the actions we take to deal with stress, problems, or uncomfortable emotions. She's also a licensed clinical social worker, psychotherapist, and international bestselling author. 2. 1. NIH Publication No. Personality and Individual Differences. PDF document, Anyone who violates the exclusive rights of the copyright owner is an infringer of the copyrights in violation of the US Copyright Act. Note that not all physical coping skills are accessible to all age groups and abilities. Its important to establish healthy coping skills that will help you reduce your emotional distress or rid yourself of the stressful situations you face. Read on to fill your toolbox with the most effective positive and healthy coping strategies. Proactive coping and preventive coping: Evidence for two distinct constructs? Coping skills are the tactics, capability, or ability of a person to deal with the adversities of life. 2023-02-21. . trustworthy health, Noticing tension and taking deep breaths to reduce it. I feel that i am not missed, valued or supported by him and this causes a lot of tension in the house. Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2020). Sipping a cup of hot tea. Each module can be completed by service users while working with a member of their mental health team. Perhaps you are a nail-biter, or maybe you even become energized during challenging moments. Focus on and venting of negative emotion mediates the 18-year bi-directional relations between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses. Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID-19-related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Saying an affirmation or mantra with positive and personal meaning can bring calm. STRESS. Jose, P. E., Lim, B. T., Kim, S., & Bryant, F. B. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Empower yourself through learning and psychoeducation 4. On the other hand, it may be beneficial to reduce the impact of stressors, which could be more beneficial in the long run for things we do not have the power to change. Avoid Being Overwhelmed by Information Overload, Women In Love With Psychopaths: HealthyPlace Newsletter, HealthyPlace Mental Health Newsletter - 2015. These engaging, science-based exercises will help you to effectively cope with difficult circumstances and give you the tools to improve the resilience of your clients, students, or employees. But as the event approaches, your anxiety skyrockets because you hate public speaking. We've tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs including Talkspace, Betterhelp, and Regain. An avoidance coping style can be described as avoiding the stressor by pursuing an alternate person or task (Meyerson et al., 2022). This literature review focused on the mental health and coping strategies of healthcare workers amidst pandemic. Finding Help. Building Your Coping Toolbox There are many lessons to take away from our experiences during the pandemic, including the importance of mental health. Coping mechanisms are tools that we reach for, sometimes intentionally, sometimes unintentionally, when we need to offset or balance negative emotions or unsettling feelings. Exposure to domestic violence during adolescence: Coping strategies and attachment styles as early moderators and their relationship to functioning during adulthood. Blake, M. (2021). And sometimes a Resiliency is a character trait that allows an individual to cope with or overcome perceived stress and adversities (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Luthar & Zigler, 1991; Ye et al., 2020). The modules can be accessed below. If you are struggling to practice healthy coping skills or find yourself relying on unhealthy ones instead, talking to a mental health professional can be helpful. Try to: Get enough good quality sleep. Unlimited access to interactive therapy tools. List the people in your life that you know have your back to eliminate overthinking when you need to reach out. Be in touch with your emotions. This game can be played with one or two players and is a way to practice coping strategies. Today's Question: Todays Question: What coping skills do you use for mental health challenges and how effective are they? Horm Behav. Speak with other people who deal with ADHD. See the funny side and you'll cope with the situation better. In some cases, that may mean changing your behavior or creating a plan that helps you know what action youre going to take. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. If you have an existing mental health condition, being resilient can improve your coping ability. Its important to know where you can go for help when you need it, so include contact information: 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. But not all coping skills are created equal. Read what it says, and practice the coping strategy. The first page of this worksheet focuses on psychoeducation, using examples and real-life scenarios. Consumers post-impulse-consumption experience and its impact on the propensity for future impulse buying behaviour. Youve been invited to give a presentation in front of a large group. . You can buy an affirmation deck online or just write your own on a notecard. What can i try to do cope. Kim, R., Olpin, E., Novilla, L. K., & Crandall, A. Mental health conditions can . They include, but are nowhere limited to, the following: In short, absolutely yes, resiliency improves ones ability to cope! Practice yoga 7. eXczQE. This handout is designed to help you identify triggers and warning signs of anger, and strategies to help you manage this emotion. List some of your favorites so that you arent stumped about what to put on. You may need to experiment with a variety of coping strategies to help you discover which ones work best for you. Sokal, L., Trudel, L. E., & Babb, J. I feel like I should study, but there are so many things they talk about, its overwhelming looking for information. . Meyerson, J., Gelkopf, M., Eli, I., & Uziel, N. (2022). Conclusions. Services will be provided in-person and via telehealth. Emotional Wellness Toolkit. Consult with experts. 0 Charlotte Behavioral Health Care 1700 Education Avenue Punta Gorda, FL 33950 So while it would be important to use coping skills to help relieve some of your distress, coping strategies shouldnt be about constantly distracting you from reality. Anyone who violates the exclusive rights of the copyright owner is an infringer of the copyrights in violation of the US Copyright Act. I have asked him for councelling but he said I have to go alone and He has to do counceling alone. Nolasco, H. R., Waldman, M., & Vargo, A. W. (2021). Good Coping Skills Practicing meditation and relaxation techniques; Having time to yourself; Engaging in physical activity or exercise; Reading; Spending time with friends; Finding humor; Spending time on your hobbies; Engaging in spirituality; Spending quality time with your pets; Getting a good night's sleep; Eating healthy. The five main types of coping skills are: problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, religious coping, meaning-making, and social support. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. We'll be happy to respond to your e-mail. (2015, December 23). Our Coping Skills Worksheet Template Bundle PDFs (Editable, Fillable, Printable) are perfect for counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, therapists, and other mental health professionals. | Publication Overview Doing What Matters in Times of Stress: An Illustrated Guide is a stress management guide for coping with adversity. `=u^OX~/uZe>vx>5^VfjC4BI!wuYQm_\id$.ql/Ec@]5YW(S//ND|hSb4tXvYXP~G >oP"SNvq]!3bat ~ Elsevier; 2004:507-510. doi:10.1016/B0-12-657410-3/00126-4, Byrd-Craven J, Geary DC, Rose AJ, Ponzi D. Co-ruminating increases stress hormone levels in women. Gender differences in stressors and coping strategies among teacher education students at University of Ghana. Resilience Resources from PositivePsychology.com. Zaman, N. I., & Ali, U. Treatment of Overthinking: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Rumination and Obsession Spectrum. Maladaptive coping strategies comprise behaviors that are avoidance-based and do not ultimately benefit the individual in the long run. Or e-mail us at info@coping.com. Syed, I. U. Examples of healthy coping skills include: This article explores coping skills that can help you manage stress and challenges. Take a quick walk 6. (2021). This can sometimes be difficult to do without working with a therapist, but there are plenty of self-help resources to help you try on your own. Next in Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed Guide, Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. x}mo9wrE:<40E}(e[e+OYReZ%U|L[d`0$}Wq};9LgOxft6rV6w?-c^|^~>Nw? Use your five senses. Take deep breaths 2. Sitting in the sun and closing your eyes. herpes. Exercis e on a regular basis. Main Number 941-639-8300. Flaherty, A., Katz, D., Chosak, A., Henry, M. E., Trinh, N. H., Waldinger, R. J., & Cohen, J. N. (2022). Being aggressive: Sometimes, with a lack of coping skills in teens, stress is handled by being aggressive, either physically aggressive or speaking and acting in an aggressive way. He does not work , I am the sole breadwinner. I have been married for 2 years and six months. (2019). Depression can make life so gray that you arent sure where the sunshine is hiding or if it will return.. Coping is the use of one or various types of mechanisms that are intended to reduce psychological stress (Gurvich et al., 2021). Reflecting on things you are thankful for can help you change your mindset. 2. Therefore, someone who encompasses this style or an optimistic attributional style may turn to effective coping styles. PositivePsychology.com has an excellent selection of resources to improve resilience, and foremost is the Realizing Resilience Masterclass. Retrieved . Operations may temporarily shift based on University COVID-19 protocols. It's important to develop your own toolkit of coping skills that youll find useful. Loneliness can come up when: We're around a lot of people but feel like we don't . endobj It is about learning to face and mastering the art of dealing with almost anything on your own that life throws at you. That's it for now. Whether it's your girlfriend or your wife, this top ten, Rape victim stories can be very difficult to read, frightening and emotionally draining for some but stories of rape show other victims that they are not alone in their struggles. trustworthy health information: verify If youve had a bad day at work, playing with your kids or watching a funny movie might cheer you up. This worksheet is a great tool for your clients to take home and use a refresher for the techniques they learned in session. In other situations, problem-focused coping may involve more drastic measures, like changing jobs or ending a relationship. Coping Skills;Mental Health Created Date: 2/12/2013 7:32:11 AM . Some assert that emotion-focused coping can be dangerous as it is affiliated with mental health problems through behavioral problems (Yang, 2021). 25 questions / Coping Skills (True or False) Positive Self Talk vs Negative Self Talk Kids Trivia--Random Empathy Coping tools 2 similar games. Coping skills are usually discussed as a reactive strategy: When you feel bad, you do something to cope. You make a plan to study for the next exam using a different method, such as joining a class study group. [1] It is a term used distinctively for conscious and voluntary mobilization of acts, different from 'defense mechanisms' that are subconscious or unconscious adaptive responses, both of which aim to reduce or tolerate stress. Pandemic restrictions have eased, but taking care of ourselves remains as important as ever. Therapist Aid has obtained permission to post the copyright protected works of other professionals in the community and has recognized the contributions from each author. Copyright 2023 Mental Health America, Inc. Breathe as deep as you can, hold for a count of five, and slowly exhale. Or, if youre angry about something someone said, a healthy coping strategy might help you calm down before you say something you might regret. Wittlinger, T., Beki, S., Gulja, S., Peria, V., Volari, M., & Majnari, L. T. (2022). How you feel can affect your ability to carry out everyday activities, your relationships, and your overall mental health. 2008;53(3):489-92. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.12.002. I am frustrated about my course. Coping strategies, cyberbullying behaviors, and depression among Chinese netizens during the COVID-19 pandemic: a web-based nationwide survey. hb```e``v q| A B `A `c` Support the creation of new tools for the entire mental health community. Relax your body (especially your neck and shoulders), pick a technique, and stick with it for a few minutes to give it time to work. And will ask them do stuff for and with him. Cho, H., Li, P., & Goh, Z. H. (2020). Each time you do this, aim to come up with at least three things but you can never list too many, and nothing is too simple to count. =N~"@EITt4uU8QoDM;5!kvQU@ . <>>> Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. 2 0 obj Safe-Coping-Skills.pdf about our experiences. (2020). Coping strategies that CMHNs reported using included peer support, a range of personal strategies such as relaxation, and belief in self and supervision. Practice! Everyone goes through periods of hardship and stress, and it's important to take care of yourself. Conspicuous consumption of time: When busyness and lack of leisure time become a status symbol. }u;]v[e/==W.;AWAai/^W}l09hN y8?hfvMki6.U0xZ _\,!jYa&Ku{a_(*]IwfVyUCeY/x4nBmrdzZ)r4JR78L6unO"PcKf5wW..O_.gd{C{OI8\7LQ"OSwrqzf )rO_Nn7|rwprC"Y@H@5:5=s' Everyone goes through periods of hardship and stress, and its important to take care of yourself. 2016;92:123-127. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.029. Here are links to some free CBT worksheets and workbooks: DBT is very skill-based, and while its used most often for borderline personality disorder, many of the skills can also be useful to people with other mental health issues. Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on international university students, related stressors, and coping strategies. Self-help and coping skills are also helpful if you completed PTSD therapy. Meyerson et al. Emotional wellness is the ability to successfully handle life's stresses and adapt to change and difficult times. Unhealthy coping is a mechanism used to prevent stress; however, the results are deleterious to the individual. When it comes to coping skills, theres always room for improvement. The Science of Coping: 10+ Strategies & Skills, Humor in Psychology: Coping and Laughing Your Woes Away, Coping Skills Worksheets for Adults and Youth. Does savoring mediate the relationships between explanatory style and mood outcomes? Repeat affirmations. Engage in stress-reducing activities to help your overall approach to coping with stressors. Watch a funny movie. 3 0 obj Think of things you are looking forward to in the next week - perhaps time with a friend, going to a movie, or going on a hike. Social Coping Emotional Coping Practical Daily Living Mistakes to Avoid Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder. }*~\Es0>^K Nevill, R. E., & Havercamp, S. M. (2019). 1. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. They provide you with support, strength, and power. Good coping takes practice. The guide aims to equip people with practical skills to help cope with stress. Exercise: Recovery Center/Detox 941-347-6444. Strategies include deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, and challenging irrational thoughts. The Coping Skills Workbook should be used by clinicians who have completed training in its use and are attending supervision with a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) and or Psychologist. Ultimately, we hope these strategies will benefit both you and your clients and lead to better stress management, as improved stress management will lead to happier, healthier lifestyles. Practice gratitude. Coping skills are strategies that help people deal with mental health challenges in order to achieve positive mental health and wellbeing. My husband has 2 children from a previous marraige(not his own). Link to (or print out) a feelings chart or remind yourself to journal to get everything in your head on paper. I cant cope anymore. (n.d.). Signs You Are Gay, Positive Inspirational Quotes for People with Depression, HONcode standard for Don't isolate yourself from your loved ones. A few minutes each day are enough to practice the self-help techniques. These coping strategies can help your clients deal with anxiety when it arises, as well as contributing to long-term anxiety relief. The symptoms of schizophrenia affect many of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I sincerely wish you all the best, and take care. Eat a well-balanced diet. An employee has been unable to meet his work deadlines, and his supervisor has requested a meeting with him. Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS, is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing ineating behaviors, stress management, and health behavior change. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Writing yourself a nice note and keeping it in . Other examples of healthy ways to cope with emotions include: Hosted by Editor-in-Chief and therapist Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast shares how to face uncomfortable emotions, featuring comedian Paul Gilmartin. By filling out your name and email address below. But when the class is over and we are out, theres nothing to do, because I am not motivated to study, or to even do anything. Complimenting someone. Contrary to unhealthy coping, healthy coping mechanisms may effectively mitigate the nature and impact of these psychological responses (Gurvich et al., 2021). Toll Free: 1-877-703-5267. I let go of my sadness. If you or someone you know could use help discussing positive coping methods, please set up an appointment with the Family Health Clinic by calling (800)-321-5043. The article is very informative and helpful. (2022) and Pang and Thomas (2020) refer to a fifth coping strategy known as avoidance-focused. We might develop an unhelpful coping strategy because of how we think and feel . ADHD Coping Skills Here are some ADHD coping skills which may come in handy if you're looking to help manage your ADHD: Awareness Make an effort to educate yourself. We observe all delayed starts and early closings set by the University. 1. Religion, spiritual beliefs, beliefs about justice, values, and existential goals may influence someones tendency to exhibit a meaning-focused coping style. Coping skills are choices, and they're habits. Use Coping Cards and Coping Statements to Improve Mental Health. %PDF-1.5 Process your feelings. Keywords Anger, angry, anger management, coping, strategies, tips, CBT, cognitive, behavioural, therapy, CCI, handout, centre for clinical intervenitons, resource, free, information, sheet The more you use your coping skills, the better they'll work for you in overcoming difficulties and achieving mental health and wellbeing. So, assess what other tools and resources you can use and consider how you might continue to sharpen your skills in the future. For questions about health services, your entitlements, or how to access HSE health or social services in your area? Exploring student mental health and intention to use online counseling in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic. Talk, listen, and encourage expression. They can be positive and healthy, but they can also be negative and unhealthy.